(Ñ) by Vladimir Kladov, 2003-2006
Starting from v2.2, it is possible to view entire list of all operators and directives, supported by the built-in ZX Assembler, directly in assembler window.
Source code should satisfy following rules to be compiled correctly.
Following directives and assembler statements are supported by the internal assembler. (Character '#' used to note that an operand could be of any numeric expression allowed). Since in most cases the operator can be continued on the next line, only directives are noted which have some restrictions to this rule.
ORG [{ RAMn | ROMn },] #target_address [, #dest_address ] Defines target assembling address and target output destination address. RAMn and ROMn is used to define RAM bank (n=0..7) or ROM bank (n=0..1). If distinct dest_address is defined, compiled bytes are put to that address, though a code itself is compiled for target_address. All the labels and variables used in the expression must be known on the first pass ofthe compiling process (i.e. forward references are not allowed, except you turned Strong Address Control option in the assembler off). |
|
ENTRYPOINT #expr Defines entry point to set PC automatically when code compiled OK. |
|
label[:] EQU #expression Defines constant label equal to given expression. label must be unique. |
|
label[:] = #expression Defines variable label equal to given expression. It is possible to redefine it with '=' directive any times in the code. Variables can be used in any expressions as usual for labels. Note: after each compilation pass, such variables still save the last assigned value. This can be used for some calculations on the second or the third pass, when the code is generated finally. |
|
. = #expression or $ = #expression Special form of assignment, using current compiling address as a left part of the assignment. In result, following code will be compiling from the address specified by the expression. All the labels and variables used in the expression must be known on the first pass of the compiling process (i.e. forward references are not allowed as like as for ORG, except you turned Strong Address Control option in the assembler off). The main difference to ORG directive is that this address will not be put into a list of labels to switch PC address. |
|
ENUM label1[=#expr1][,label2[=#expr2]]... Creates a number of constants label1, label2, ... If expr2, expr3, etc. are omitted, following constants are assigned to the previous ones incremented by 1. If the expr1 is omitted, by default the value 0 is used. |
|
label[:] DEFINE any text to the end of line About usage of macro parameters, identifiers defined with DEFINE or variable of the FOR preprocessor loop see below. |
|
DEFB [[(#repeat_count1)]{#expr1|'string1'|?}][,[(#repeat_count2)][{#expr2|'string2'}]]... a list of bytes. For a string, for each character a single byte is generated always. If ENCODE directive have defined encoding, all characters are encoded before put it into memory. By default, DEFB 'abc',0 will be compiled to 4 bytes 61h,62h,63h,0. If (repeat_count) is defined for a value or string it is repeated repeat_count times (if 0 or less, it is not generated at all). If the symbol '?' is used, correspondent memory is not initialized and is skip while generating code. |
|
DEFM[{ #expression | 'string' }] [, [{ #expression | 'string' }] ]... a list of bytes. For a string, for each character a single byte is generated always. The difference to DEFB is that the code for the last character of each string constant has the bit 7 set on. So, DEFM 'abc' will be compiled to 4 bytes 61h,62h,E3h. |
|
DEFW [[(#repeat_count1)]{#expr1}][,[(#repeat_count2)][{#expr2}]]... a list of 16-bit words. Very similar to DEFB, but for each value 2 bytes of memory are initialized (as usual, less significant byte if first - LSB). |
|
DEFS #repeat_count [, { #expression | 'string' | "string" } ]... a list of bytes like for DEFB but entire list of values generated #repeat_count times. The same as DUP #repeat_count DEFB list EDUP If only #repeat_count present without values, 0 is compiled #repeat_count times. |
|
DEFG ssssssss [ ssssssss ]... Special (new) directive to define binary bytes. s = '.' to represent 0, any other character to represent 1. Spaces used to separate bytes up to the end of the line. But numbers are treated as bytes (though those should be separated with spaces only). If the following line starts from '.', 'x' or 'X' it is supposed that DEFG allocates several lines, and bytes are placed into memory by columns. This directive can be useful to "draw" fonts in the source code directly, e.g.: DEFG ........ .X...... DEFG .XXXXX.. .X...... DEFG ......X. .XXXXX.. DEFG ..XXXXX. .X....X. DEFG .X....X. .X....X. DEFG ..XXXX.X .XXXXX.. DEFG ........ ........ (this is a compiled to 0,40h,7Ch,40h,etc.) or: DEFG ........ .X...... .XXXXX.. .X...... ......X. .XXXXX.. ..XXXXX. .X....X. .X....X. .X....X. ..XXXX.X .XXXXX.. ........ ........ (in this case bytes are: 0,7Ch,2,3Eh,42h,3Dh,0,40h,etc. i.e. bytes are placed by columns). |
|
DEFD xxxxxx [[,] xxxxxx ]... Directive to define packed hexadecimal. E.g. DEFD 1234567890 is the same as DEFB 12h,34h,56h,78h,90h. If an item an the list is not started with hexadecimal digit it is evaluated as usual expression. If comma not used, the directive ends when the next item is not started from hexadecimal digit. |
|
ENCODE #from1,#to1[,#from,#to]... Special directive to encode characters in strings into a desired encoding (e.g. Russian or other national characters in many cases it is better to encode using values below 80h or remapping most of them to looking similar Latin letters). Encoding given by the directive ENCODE is working until it is not remapped with the next ENCODE directive. #fromN and #toN can be any expressions treated as byte values. |
|
CTEXT text text ... text ENDTEXT Special directive to encode text in compact form. Trailing characters in each line are stored with bit 7 set. Final mark ENDTEXT must be starting at the first column in the line. |
|
label[:] STRUCT [label1[:]] {DEFB|DEFW|struct_name} [(#repeat_count)[?]] ... [labelN[:]] {ESTRUCT|ENDSTRUCT} Creates number of constants label.label1, label.label2, ... which can be later used as usual constants in any expression. label1 is set to value 0, and following labels depending on size of previos fields defined. Also, special function sizeof(label) become available in expressions for each structure defined. It is also possible to use label1, label2 etc. as standalone names. Note: due to the algorithm used, it is possible to code any instructions or directives in the structure, but this affects only the offset of the following labeled fields, and do not generate any bytes in memory. |
|
FILE filepath[,start[,length]] filepath is a path to a binary file to put it into memory (can be enclosed into double quotations ("filepath"). Binary file (or length specified) can not exceed 65536 bytes and it is put as is, byte by byte. Filepath can be also a list of directories, in such case these are adding to a list of search paths where the assembler searches for includes. |
|
INCLUDE filepath filepath is a path to a text file to include it as a part of source. filepath can be enclosed into double quotations ("filepath"). Filepath can be also a list of directories, in such case these are adding to a list of search paths where the assembler searches for includes. |
|
label[:] MACRO paramlist ... [label2[:]] {ENDM|ENDMACRO|EMAC} Defines a macro. paramlist can contain: - first, a list of fixed parameters (must be passed in the same order); - second, parameters in form name=[default]. For named parameters, these can be passed while calling a macro in any order, but always in form name=value. Named parameters having default value defined can be omitted while calling a macro. Formal parameters can be any allowed identifiers, values passed can be either expressions or strings in single or double quotations (for case of double quotations, content in quotas is passed without quotas). Any labels defined in the MACRO should be local (otherwise problems possible using the macro more then once). About usage of macro parameters, identifiers defined with DEFINE or variable of the FOR preprocessor loop see below. |
|
ERROR [#severity],'text'[,#passes] or ERROR [#severity],"text"[,#passes] Generates a user-defined error. Can be used e.g. in macro to indicate incorrect parameters passed. severity: 0 - warning (message is displayed but does not affect compiling; 1 - usual error (code will not be generated more, but the compiler do not stop immediately); 2 or higher - fatal error, compiler is stopped immediately displaying a text. If #passes not defined, message is displayed on all compiler passes. Otherwise passes is expressed and used as a mask: bit 0 set if to show at pass 1, bit 1 - at pass 2, and bit2 - at pass3. So, if passes = 2, message is displayed only at pass 1, if pass = 6 - at pass 2 and 3. |
|
DISPLAY 'text'[,#expr[,#passes]] or DISPLAY "text"[,#expr[,#passes]] or DISPLAY #expr[,#passes] or DISPLAY "text",#expr[,"text"[,#expr]]...[,#passes] Displays a text with #expr value (is present) concatenated (in decimal and hex). Like for ERROR, #passes (if present) defines a mask of flags indicating for the compiler on which passes to display a text. It is possible to define several pairs of text and value to display in a line. |
|
label[:] PROC ... [label2[:]] {ENDP|ENDPROC|EPROC} Defines a procedure. Actually this is used to restrict visibility of labels defined interior of PROC definition to the other part of source: all such labels (including label2) become local and known only in the procedure itself. Procedures can be nested, with no restrictions on nesting level. |
|
DUP #expr ... {EDUP|ENDDUP} Duplicates all the statements defined between DUP and EDUP directives, #expr times (but if #expr <= 0, all the statements are skipping and do not generate any code occupying 0 bytes of code, and in such case all the directives there also do not affect code though it can be checked for correctness). |
|
FOR var=values ... {EFOR|ENDFOR} Duplicates all the statements defined between FOR and EFOR directives for each listed value, assigning such value to a variable var on each step like it were made using directive label DEFINE text. A list of values can contain any expressions, double- or single-quoted strings (while assigning string double-quoted, only string itself without quotations is assigned), and also a range in form #from TO #to [STEP #step] is allowed here. FOR statement must be the last in the line. A list of values can be continued on the next lines (to continue the list, finish it with the comma at the end). About usage of macro parameters, identifiers defined with DEFINE or variable of the FOR preprocessor loop see below. |
|
IF #expr [THEN] ... [ELSEIF #expr1 [THEN] ...]... [ELSE ...] {EIF|ENDIF} Conditional compiling depending on results of #expr, #expr1, ... calculation. If any #exprK is not 0, correspondent part of code is compiled and other parts are skipping. |
|
IFcond [THEN] ... [ELSE ...] {EIF|ENDIF} cond is one of Z80 conditions (Z,NZ,C,NC,PO,PE,P,M). This is a pseudo-statement rather then just a macro. It generates code to jump to ELSE (or EIF, if ELSE is not defined) branch if cond is not satisfied, and if ELSE is defined, also a jump is generated to EIF at the end of THEN branch. Short jumps are used if possible. In case then BREAK or CONTINUE is only a statement in THEN branch, code is optimized to use a single jump instruction. |
|
LONGIFcond [THEN] ... [LONGELSE ...] {EIF|ENDIF} The same as IFcond but always long jumps are used (JP). LONGELSE can be used with IFcond and LONGIFcond with usual ELSE, and what is used (ELSE or LONGELSE takes an effect only for jump at the end of the "THEN" branch to the end of the "ELSE" branch. |
|
[label[:]] WHILE ... {EWHILE|EWHILEB|EWHILENZ|EWHILEZ|EWHILENC|EWHILEC|EWHILEPO|EWHILEPE|EWHILEP|EWHILEM} (in earlier versions it was named LOOP...ELOOP|ELOOPB, if you want you can declare LOOP DEFINE WHILE ELOOP DEFINE EWHILE ELOOPB DEFINE EWHILEB - to provide working of the old code) Generates a code for infinite loop (EWHILE case), usual DJNZ (ELOOPB case) or for conditional loop (EWHILEcond). If DJNZ can not be used (ELOOPB) because of long jump distance, almost equivalent instructions are used: DEC B:JP NZ,loop (4 bytes long). Anywhere in the loop operators BREAK [label] or CONTINUE [label] can be used to leave or continue the loop. Using a label in BREAK and CONTINUE statements allows to make a jump outside from the nested LOOP. |
|
BREAK [label] See WHILE directive above. |
|
CONTINUE [label] See WHILE directive above. |
|
GOTO [cond,][label] This is an equivalent of JR/JP instruction but the compiler decides if to use short jump or distance is too far (or condition is not suitable to use short jump). The important restriction here is that any expression can not be used as an operand, but only a label, local or global. |
|
PUSH rp1[,rp2]... or PUSH rp1 [rp2]... Generates a sequence PUSH rp1:PUSH rp2:... for all the register pair names listed (AF,BC,DE,HL,IX,IY are allowed as usual). |
|
POP rp1[[,]rp2]... or POP rp1 [rp2]... Generates a sequence ...:POP rp2:POP rp1 (register pairs by default are popped in the inverted order. Use POPNOINVERT and POPINVERT directives to control this order for such POP directive. |
|
POPNOINVERT See POP directive above. |
|
POPINVERT See POP directive above. |
|
END Finishes code. Any code below this directive will not be compiled. |
Usage of macro parameters (in macro itself), names defined with DEFINE directive or of the variable of the FOR preprocessor loop.
Anywhere in visibility
area such identifier is replaced with a (string) value assigned to it, i.e. it
is substituted for each line with its value (even in a quoted string).
Visibility area depends on substituting identifier: for macro parameter it is
visible in the macro body when the macro is called, for FOR variable it is
visible until EFOR / ENDFOR and for name defined with DEFINE directive - from
the definition to the end of the source.
To allow concatenating the vale with other characters use
.name or name.
or .name. - while substituting name with its value,
neighbor dots will be removed. To code '.' itself use to dots like name..xxxx.
To allow extracting only a part of value, use following form:
"name"[ nnn ] or "name"[ nnn,
LLL ] where nnn and LLL are decimal positive numbers. nnn=1 means the
first character, LLL can be used to define length of substring extracted (if >
1). Important: character '[' must be the following closing '"' without spaces
in between.
It is also possible to use such values in comparison
operations anywhere in the expression in form: "name1"
op "name2" or "name1" op string (where
op can be one of comparison operation =, <>, <, <=, >, >=). E.g. IF "RP" = DE
THEN ...
Alphabetical list of instructions.
ADC HL, { BC | DE | HL | SP } ADC IX, { BC | DE | IX | SP } ADC IY, { BC | DE | IY | SP } ADC [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression } ADD HL, { BC | DE | HL | SP } ADD IX, { BC | DE | IX | SP } ADD IY, { BC | DE | IY | SP } ADD [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression } AND [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression } BIT #number, { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } BIT #number, { (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | A } CALL [ { NZ | Z | NC | C | PO | PE | P | M }, ] #address CCF CP [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression } CPD CPDR CPI CPIR CPL DAA DI DEC { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | IYH | IYL | ( {IX|IY}±#offset ) } DI DJNZ #address EI EX (SP), { HL | IX | IY } EX AF, AF' EX DE, { HL | IX | IY } EXX HALT IM0 | IM1 | IM2 | IM #n IN [ A, ] { (#port) | (C) } IN { B | C | D | E | H | L | F | A }, (C) INC { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | IYH | IYL | ( {IX|IY}±#offset ) } IND INDR INI INIR JP [ { NZ | Z | NC | C | PO | PE | P | M }, ] #address JR [ { NZ | Z | NC | C }, ] #address LD A, { I | R | B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL ) | A | #expression | IXH | IXL | IYH | IYL | (IX±#offset) | (IY±#offset) | (BC) | (DE) | (#address) } LD { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | A | #expression } LD { B | C | D | E | IXH | IXL | A | (IX±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | IXH | IXL | A | #expression } LD { B | C | D | E | IYH | IYL | A | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | IYH | IYL | A | #expression } LD { B | C | D | E | IXH | IXL | A }, { B | C | D | E | IXH | IXL | A | (IX±#offset) } LD { B | C | D | E | IYH | IYL | A }, { B | C | D | E | IYH | IYL | A | (IY±#offset) } LD { I | R }, A LD { BC | DE | HL | SP | IX | IY }, { #expression | ( #address ) } LD ( #address ), { BC | DE | HL | SP | IX | IY } LDD LDDR LDI LDIR NEG NOP OR [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression } OUT { (#port) | (C) } [, A ] OUT (C), { B | C | D | E | H | L | F | A } OUTD OTDR OUTI OTIR POP { BC | DE | HL | AF | IX | IY } PUSH { BC | DE | HL | AF | IX | IY } RES #number, { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } RES #number, { (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | A } RET [ { NZ | Z | NC | C | PO | PE | P | M | N | I } ] RETI RETN RL { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } RLA RLC { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } RLCA RLD RR { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } RRA RRC { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } RRCA RRD RST #expression ; (allowed following values: 0..7 and also 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 - decimal) SBC HL, { BC | DE | HL | SP } SBC [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression } SCF SET #number, { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } SET #number, { (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | A } SLA { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } SLA { (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | A } SLI { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } SLI { (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | A } SLL { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } SLL { (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | A } SRA { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } SRL { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) } SRL { (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) }, { B | C | D | E | H | L | A } SUB [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression } XOR [ A, ] { B | C | D | E | H | L | M | (HL) | A | IXH | IXL | (IX±#offset ) | (IY±#offset) | #expression }
Starting from version 2.3 Build 1.5:
Additional rules are added to allow assembling code obtained disassembling a block of memory using Disassemble feature. These are:
- all text following comma ( , ) in brackets is treated as a comment. E.g. LD HL, (0FFFEh,any text here).
- all text following comma in the last operand of the instruction also is treated as a
comment. E.g. LD HL,0FFFEh,any text here.
- all numbers having hexadecimal digits are treated as hexadecimal numbers even if those
have no leading zero but finishing 'H' char. E.g, FFFFH, 0FFFF, 0FFFFH are allowed, but
not FFFF. And, if a label is defined FFFFH, it is overriding FFFFH hexadecimal. So, avoid
using labels having only hexadecimal digits and trailing 'H' char.
A feature also added "Set PC" which allow to select from drop down menu (when clicked on a correspondent button on the toolbar in the Assembler window) an address to set to PC in the Debugger.
Left mouse click with Ctrl pressed on a name jumps to a correspondent label in the text (if any such found), adding current position to the history of jumps.
Speed of assembling code is enough fast now to use the Assembler more convenient. In Labels window, use right mouse click to popup a menu with additional options (if to list user and/or system labels e.g.)
Starting from version 2.3 Build 1.5:
- Binary numbers are allowed ( 00010111.B );
- Directive FILE added to include binary files.
New Extensions (version 2.7):
- Colorization of the source text provided.
- Bookmarks in source provided (Ctrl+Shift+n - set bookmark, Ctrl+n - go to
bookmark, n - digit key on the keyboard). Bookmarks are saved with the text and
restored when loaded.
- Adjusting font size for assembler provided (from Asm options dialog or
Ctrl+'+', Ctrl+'-' in the memo).
- Indentations provided (ctrl+shift+I, ctrl+shift+U).
- Smart tabs provided in the editor.
- A lot of changes and improvements in the language itself:
C-- for Z80 embedded.
In C-- statements, all register names are reserved names of predefined variables:
byte A, A', F, F', B, B', C, C', D, D', E, E', H, H', L, L', I, R, IXL, IXH, IYL, IYH
int AF, AF', BC, BC', DE, DE', HL, HL', IX, IY, SP
Also, some accumulator flags are predefined symbols and can be used in some circumstances:
bit CF
Important: a single C-- operator should be written without any internal spaces (but spaces are allowed in the expression or in the parenthesis). C-- operators can be separated from each other or from assembler statements with spaces or symbol ':'. C-- statements as well as most of assembler ones should be written in a single line (division it on parts placed in several neighbor lines is not allowed).
If any register pair is used (and not only in the C-- statement but in any assembler instruction too), it can be auto-incremented or auto-decremented as usual in C, both prefixing or suffixing incrementing and decrementing are allowed. In all such cases the register is incremented or decremented by 1.
Assignment operator: dest=expression. In simple case when dest points to memory but expression is a registry, or otherwise, dest is a registry and expression represents another registry or memory location, and such movement can be compiled to a single direct LD instruction, this is compiled so. E.g.:
A=B | LD A,B |
A=(HL) | LD A,(HL) |
A=(IX+10) | LD A,(IX+10) |
(16384)=SP | LD (16384), SP |
(DE++)=(HL++) | LDI |
If an assignment can not be compiled into a direct LD instruction (e.g. moving data from memory to memory), then either register A used as a temporary data storage and is destroying without warning, or stack is used temporarily. E.g.:
(DE)=(BC) | LD A,(BC):LD (DE),A |
(17000)=(18000) | LD A,(18000):LD (17000),A |
BC'=BC | PUSH BC:EXX:POP BC:EXX |
(IX)=DE | LD (IX),E:LD (IX+1),D |
(HL)=BC | LD (HL),C:INC HL:LD (HL),B:DEC HL |
(HL++)=BC | LD (HL),C:INC HL:LD (HL),B |
SP=DE | EX DE,HL:LD SP,HL:EX DE,HL |
SP=HL' | EXX:LD SP,HL:EXX |
SP=IY | LD SP,IY |
Separate operators ++ and -- can be applied only in postfix form and either to a register or register pair or to memory location addressed using HL, IX, IY registers. E.g.:
A++ | INC A |
HL-- | DEC HL |
(++HL)-- | INC HL:DEC (HL) |
(IX+5)++ | INC (IX+5) |
Other possible operators:
= (assign)
& (and) | (or) ^ (xor)
+ (add) +CF+
(ADC)
- (subtract) -CF-
(SBC)
r<<CF (shift left, RLC)
r<< RL r<<- (SLA)
r>>CF (shift right, RRC)
r>> RR r>>- (SRA)
>< (swap, exchange instructions)
? (compare)
Possible usage:
A=A+5 | ADD A,5 |
A+B | ADD A,B |
A-C-CF | SBC A,C |
&E | AND A,E |
|(HL) | OR A,(HL) |
A?(IX+100) | CP A,(IX+100) |
As you can see, A=A op opd2 can be always replaced with A op opd2 or even op opd2, but at least A' op opd2 must be used if alternative accumulator is used:
A'^E | EX AF,AF':XOR A,E:EX AF,AF' |
For case of register pairs (16-bits arithmetics) only prefix Dest= can be omitted in the statement Dest=Dest op Src:
HL=HL+DE | ADD HL,DE |
HL+BC | ADD HL, BC |
IX+DE'+CF | EXX:ADC IX, DE:EXX |
IY+HL | EX DE,HL:ADD IY,DE:EX DE,HL |
Several samples of shift instructions:
A<< | RLA |
>>CF | RRCA |
B<<- | SLA B |
E'>>- | EXX:SRA E:EXX |
A'<<CF | EX AF,AF':RLCA:EX AF,AF' |
Several samples of swap instructions:
HL><DE | EX DE,HL |
(SP)><DE | EX DE,HL:EX (SP),HL:EX DE,HL |
IX><BC | PUSH IX:PUSH BC:POP IX:POP BC |
DE><HL' | PUSH DE:EXX:PUSH HL:EXX:POP DE:EXX:POP HL:EXX |
AF><AF' | EX AF,AF' |
Last update: 8-Aug-2004