     . .
       LINUX


(㪮⢮  ⠭  ன 32-ࠧ來 樮 ⥬)

᪢ 1996 .




砫 ᢥ  Linux
 ॡ   ।⢠?
  Linux?
᪨ 䥩 짮⥫
   ணࠬ  DOS?
筨 ଠ樨  Linux
롮 樮 ⥬
ਨ 業
  ࠧ  ⥬?

  室 ...
 ﭥ  ...
᪮쪮    Linux?
⠭ LINUX
㧪 ਡ⨢ Slackware
 ᪨   砫쭮 㧪?
 ࠧ  ᪥
ࢮ砫쭠 ⠭ ⥬
  樮 ⥬
⨢ ᪮஢ 
஢塞 ࠡᯮᮡ 
⠭ 砫쭮 稪
㤮  㡥⥫ ᯥਬ
஢ 䠩 ⥬
⠭ ਡ⨢ Red Hat
  ਡ⨢
ॡ   ।⢠
롮  ⥬
ᯠ ࠧ 㧮 ᪥
㧪  ⥬
砫쭠 ⠤ ⠭
஢ ⠭筮 ᪠
롮 䥩: ⥪⮢  X-Window
 ।饩 ᨨ Red Hat Linux
⠭ ਡ⨢ Linuxware
⠭ ᪮ 窨 X-Window
 N1 - X-ࢥ
 N2 - 䨣஢ ⥬.
 N3 -  X-windows.
 N4   ᫥ - 䨪.
㧪  ࠧ㧪 樮 ⥬
 㧪 ⥬
㧪 樮 ⥬
  䮭 
 ஡  稪 ⥬
LILO - Linux Loader
LOADLIN
ࠢ 㯠  ॣ  ⥬
  ⥬
ࠢ 㯠  䠩  ⥬ UNIX
 ० ?
㯯  짮⥫
஫  䨫 짮⥫
᪮쪮  ᮢ⮢
  짮⥫?
 ᮧ 㯯?
易⥫쭮  㦭 㧨   祪?
  ॣ 짮⥫  ⥬,     ᯨ᪮
짮⥫?
 ᮧ "⥢ 室"  ⥬,  ॡ騩  ஫?
" 㪠"  "᢮ "?
1. 롮 ஫.
2.  ࠭ ஫
3.   ⠫
4. ᮡ 䠩 짮⥫᪮ ⠫
5. ᪠ ᭮
6. ।⠢   ᯮ殮  
⥬ ।⢠ ᯥ祭 ᭮ ⥬
ணࠬ ᪠ 梨    - CRACK
" ஫"
npasswd -   ஫
祭 ਭ
ࢮ 祭 ன⢠ 
প ਭ   Linux
ࠩ 
४஢ ஥ ਭ - tunelp
⥬ ࠢ ਭ஬
lpd
lpq
lprm
lpc
/etc/printcap - 䨣஢ ਭ
 
졠  "ᥭ"
apsfilter - ⮬᪨ ᯮ⥫ ⨯ 室 䠩
祭 ਫ᪨ ⮢ Postsript
⠭ 㪮 
祭 ਬ஢  FDD-䥩ᮬ
ਬ,    ࠡ  Linux-⥬
⠭ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 FTAPE
஢ ࠡᯮᮡ ਬ
⮢ ⭮  ਬ  ࠡ
ଠ஢
樠
  ஢ઠ ⮢ 娢
ணࠬ ᯥ祭  娢樨
tar
cpio ???
ࠪ᪨ ਥ ࠡ  ਬ஬
࣠ ⮬᪮ 娢樨  䮭 ०
⠭  ࠡ  UPS
祭 䠪-
 DOS
 Windows
 SCO UNIX
⠭ ᮡ⢥ BBS
ᯠ 娢  -᪠
 짮⥫᪨ ⮢
ன 짮⥫᪨ ࠭
祭 ⮪ । 䠩
֥   
஫ Ethernet -  ?
TCP/IP
ண  - Windows-Linux
室  Internet
⪨ ⥢⥫  CD-ROM  Linux
᪨ Trans-Ameritech Enterprises
Volume 1
Volume 2
Supplement
Interim Release
Release 4
Linuxware 1.0
LinuxWare 2.0
LinuxWare 2.5
-᪨  Caldera
Caldera Desktop 1.0
Linux Office
-᪨   ⥫⢠ SAMS Publishing
CD-ROM   Linux Unleashed
CD-ROM   Building Linux Internet Server
-᪨ ⢥ ந⥫
"⮥ "
 ⮣



⨭ ᯮ , 묨 ᫥ ⢥  
樮 ⥬.  ᪮쪮    ᨨ ⨢ ࠧ
  짮⥫᪨ 樮 ⥬,  , ᫮
  襡 窨  ,  ࠢ,     ᫨誮,
﫠 MS-DOS.   ᥣ  頥  ᢮ , ,
     﫨 ᫨誮  -  﫨 
 樮 ⥬,  ⮬  ᥣ ᯥ樠 
UNIX,   짮⥫, ᮨਬ 㤭, 祬 짮⥫
MS-DOS  Windows.  ᫨  ਪ᪮ ਣ ਢ ⪨ 
稭饣 짮⥫ MS-DOS,   訫,   ᨩ᪮ ⥫
    ४権,  ᠬ⥫쭮
⠭   ᨩ UNIX, ।祭  ᮭ쭮
  ஬ 80386  .

 ᥣ譨   ᪮쪮  ॠ権 UNIX. ,
 ᮧ⥫쭮 ⪠  த   ᪨ ⥬ 
 "ᯫ⭮ UNIX" - Linux. 稭 ⠪ 襭 - 
᭨  宦  ࠡ  UNIX  ப 㣮 ⥫,
, ० 祬 뢠 쭮 ⢥ ।⢠ 
  UNIX, ⥫  ਮ  ࠪ᪬ 
 ⠭  ᯫ樨  ⥬. ஬ ⮣, ᫥
ᥤ   짮⥫ﬨ  ࠬ ࠧ  
⥬묨 ⥣ࠬ ᪢  ᤥ  
砭:

  1. ७०⥫쭮 ⭮襭  ⥬ Linux  ஭ 짮⥫
     ᪨ ⥬ ᭮  ⮬  䠪,  Linux ⠢
     ࠪ᪨ ᯫ⭮ - " 訥     祭 !"
  2. "   ᥡ  - ⠬ Linux, ⮬  
     ᮮ⢥⢮..." -      ᭮!
  3.    ⮬,   Linux  ॠ  
     ⮣,     "ଠ쭮 UNIX-⥬" 祬 
     ⢥ত   ᫮ ࠪ! ⪨ ᭨, 祣 
     ⭮  墠⠥, ਢ  ⥫쭮 뢠 襢
     (ᨭ)  뤠 ⢥ - "    ...", ᫥
     ண  ⥫쭠 㧠.
  4.   ⨪ Linux  UNIX, ⤠ ।⥭ Windows 95
      NT ᫠  "" DOS     UNIX  ࠡ.
     ⮬ 襭 ⨫⭥ , ॠ, ਬ, 
     Windows 95 ਭ  뤠饥 ⨦ ୮
     ᫨,   类    1994  뫨 ஢  Linux.
  5.   墠⪥  ண ਪ த⮢  UNIX  Linux
      㦨 ᥫ.  ᪨ -᪮    ⥬
      ணࠬ - MS Office, Photoshop  ..  砥, 
     ⢮ ⢨⥫쭮  த⮢  Windows ॢ蠥
     - ⪠!    ॠ   Linux.

 롮,   殢 ⠭  ⥬ LINUX,   騩
  㯭  窮. -,    
FTP-ࢥ Internet,  ⮬ ᫥   ᪮᪨ 㧫 RELCOM  , 
-, ୠ ⥫쭮 ᨩ᪮ ⤥ ਪ᪮ 
Trans-Ameritech Enterprises ਢ  ⮬,  ᥣ -᪨ 
ࠧ묨 ﬨ ⮩ ⥬      
᪢, ࣠   㣨 த.   ᨨ
ਡ  㣨 ⠢騪 Linux   饭  ᪨
-  ਡ⨢ Linux. ஬ ⮣,  
७ ਡ⨢ 樮 ⥬  CD-ROM   ᪥
 1.44 .

砫 ᢥ  Linux

  UNIX  ஢ 80386  80486. Linux   
ॠ   ஢, ।⠢ ணࠬ 
32-ࠧ來   짮⥫ ⥬, 㭪樮
 饭 ०. ⥬ ᮮ⢥ ⠭ POSIX,  
  ७ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ࠧࠡ⠭  Linux, 
㣨 ᨨ UNIX  ⭮      ⨭ .

 ॡ   ।⢠?

祣 ᢥ֥⢥. 筮  386SX-25  4  ⨢
,  㢥祭   8  ⥫쭮  ந⥫쭮
襩 ⥬.  ᮡ ஫  ࠥ, Linux ন  ISA,
EISA, VLB  PCI,   MCA ( PS/2  IBM),   ,
祬,  祭- ࠭.   易⥫쭮 ᯮ짮
஢  "Intel" -  ந⢠  AMD, "Cirrus Logic", TI
 ⠪   ४  뢠. 쭠 ॡ  ᪮
 -  80  (  㦭  ⮫쪮 ᠬ ⥬,   ਪ
,  ⠪ ?).  ᪠ 設⢠ ணࠬ ⮣ 墠 (
㤮⢮७ ॡ⥩ ணࠬ  ⨢   ᥣ 
ᮧ ࠧ  窨  ᪥).

 ⪠ ਡ⨢ ⥬  ᪮ ᪠  ॡ
 200  ᪮ , , ᪮॥ ᥣ,  ⥬   
  . ,  ᪠.   -  ᪮⭮
⥫ CD-ROM,    ਮ ᮢ६  ਢ 
䥩ᮬ IDE.

 -  SVGA  ֥    1 .
ন ࠡ  ᥬ ࠭묨 ࠬ ⠫
஢. ਩ 롮  - 祬  , ⥬ ॥
㤥 ࠡ ⥬  । X Window.

,  , ⭮, , -  ֥  ᮢ६
楯樨 UNIX-⥬.  Linux ন ࠧ ⥩  ஢
 ⥬. ⥢    ᠬ ࠧ: Ethernet 
ᮧ 쭮  (  ⥩ Novell!), ⥫䮭  
⥣樨   Internet ,   殢,  ⨯ 
ᥬ  ⭠ ନ.  ᭮-⠪ ਬ,   ࢨ
室  ⠭ ਡ⨢ Linux  ᥬ 室묨 ⥪⠬,
⥪  ᮯ஢⥫쭮 㬥樥.

  Linux?

 ⮬ 1994  Linux ਢ  ᪮쪨 -ந⥫
᪮ CD-ROM. , ஬ ⮣, ⮩ ⥬ ᮢ 
-⥣.  १ 㦥 㯮  Trans-Ameritech
Enterprises  ॣ  CD-ROM  ਡ⨢ Linux 
ਪ묨 ணࠬ  ⮩ 樮 ⥬.  ᪨
᪠   ⪠ ,  묨   
Yggdrasil  InfoMagic,   ᨨ ࠭ ⮫쪮 ᪨
Trans-Ameritech.  ᫥  ᪠ ଠ Kronverk 稫
ਡᨪ   ⠢   㪮᪮ ᨨ Linux
- Caldera Desktop.  㣠 ᪠ ଠ ᭮ 1996  ⨫
CD-ROM "⮥ ",  ⠪ 㦨 .

㦨  ⠪  .  Linux   ਢ 
 ᪮쪨 ,  ⠢  祭 CD-ROM  樮
⥬. ᮡ ⬥⨬ 筮 ஡ 1000-࠭  LINUX
UNLEASHED, 饭  1996  ⥫⢮ Sams Publishing, Building
your own Linux Internet Server (⮦ 1996 )  Linux System
Administrator's Survivals Guide (⮦ Sams Publishing, 1996).  ⮬
⮨ ,    諨 ६  묨
㪮⢠  NT, Netware, OS/2. ⠫  "⠬"  Linux 
  ਬ ⠫ 㦥 ...

ਭ樯쭮 祣  蠥 ⠢ Linux   ᪥.  ᫨
 室   ᪨ ⥬ - 쬨   ⨪ 
Windows95,   ᯫ⭮ ⥬ ⮨ 3.5" ᪮,  
ᠭ  ਡ⨢ 뢠  ⮨ 4-᪮⭮ ਢ
CD-ROM  -᪠  ⥬! ⮬ ᮡ ࠭ 
室  稫. 祬, ᫨    ,  "ࢨ" 
  祭  ਠ⮢ ⥬.

  ⥭樠쭮  ᯮᮡ ⠭ Linux -  ⭮ 
宦   ࠭ ᪮ ଠ , ᯮ㥬 
DOS  UNIX ⢥ ࠧ. 祬  ࠡ  ਬࠬ 㤥
 ஡ ᪠ .

᪨ 䥩 짮⥫

X Window -  ⠭  ᪮ 짮⥫᪮ 䥩,
ॠ   UNIX-⥬.  砥,  ணࠬ,
ࠧࠡ⠭  XFree386 ( X Window  Linux)  -
ᮡ 㤭⥩   ७ᥭ  SUN, VAX    Cray.

 XFree 㦥 ࠧࠡ⠭ ⪨ ਫ,  ⠪ ஢  MS
Windows  ਫ. 祬,   ணࠬ ᯥ祭
⠢ ࠪ᪨   ᪠   㤥 ᬮ७
஡.

   ணࠬ  DOS?

० ᥣ, ࠧࠡ稪 LINUX  뢠 ᢮ ⥬  ७
MS-DOS,  ᪮॥    ࠤ樮 ,  ன ࠧࠡ⠭
஬ ⢮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.

⮬ DOS  Linux  ⢮   , "஦" 
ࠧ ࠧ (partition) ⪮ ᪠.    ᢮ 롮,
㦠  DOS  LINUX.   MS-DOS    
  ᢮ ᥤ, ᪮ Linux    ᥬ 䠩
 ࠧ DOS.

 祣  ᤥ?  ᪠ ணࠬ MS-DOS  ࠢ Linux!
祬 ࠭  ० ࠡ.  砥,   
 ६ F-19  SimCity  ४   
. 筮,    ࠭祭.

ਬ, Wing Commander  Doom,  ॡ  ஫ 
᫨⥫묨 ᠬ  ᯮ 䠪᪨ ᮡ⢥ 樮
⥬,  Linux ࠡ  . ⮬  Linux 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭
ᯥ樠쭠  DOOM,  ࠡ⠥   ࠢ X Window, ⠪
  ନ쭮 ०.  ᫨  ணࠬ ࠡ⠥  ᯮ짮
DOS (   ॡ XMS  EMS-),   ஡   
.

 ࠡ  ਫﬨ MS Windows  饥 ६ ࠧࠡ뢠
 Windows 3.1  ᪮ । XWindows.  -ᨨ
    1996 . ஬ ⮣,  業  몠
Java, ॠ ⮩ ⥬  Linux      
  ᨥ ᠬ  Sun!

筨 ଠ樨  Linux

樮 ⥬ Linux ࠧࠡ⠭  ᮮ⢥⢨  ॡﬨ
㭠த ⠭  UNIX-ᮢ⨬ ⥬ IEEE POSIX.  ⠫
    樮 ⥬ UNIX  90%   
஡.

 ᪠ CD-ROM, ᪠ ࠧ묨 ଠ,    
孨᪮ ଠ樨  Linux,   ࠧ  ᪮쪮
ࠧ:

   *   祡 㪮⢠  ଠ ASCII  ଠ஢ 
     ࠡ⪨ ⥪⮢ ஬ TEX, ⠢塞   Linux;
   * ⮤᪨ ४樨,        ன
     ⥬, ਬ, ⠭  ன ਭ - 쭮-⠪
     ਢ쭠  ( 뢠,     筮 
     짮⥫᪮ 樮 ⥬);
   * ⢥      (frequently asked
     questions), ᮡ࠭  १⠬ ७権 Internet
     (comp.os.Linux.help, comp.os.Linux.development);
   * 筮, ࠤ樮  UNIX ⥣஢ ⥬ ࠢ筮
     ଠ樨 Man (⥬ Help,   ᫥  MS-DOS -
     襢   !).

稭  1994 ,   砫 室 ࢮ ਮ᪮  
⥬ Linux - Linux Journal (ISSN 1075-3583).  ᠬ ᪨
㦤  ᮢ   ⥫: subs@ssc.com.

  ᯥ樠쭠 ணࠬ  ࠧࠡ⪥  㬥樨 
Linux - Linux Documentation Project,  ࠬ ண 㦥 ࠧࠡ⠭
⥫쭮 㪮⢮  ஢ ⥩  ᭮ Linux. 
ᮦ,  㬥, ࠧࠡ뢠  ࠬ ⮣ ஥
筠,  ⢥ ᤥন ࠭ Linux  ᨨ.

   㭤⠫ . ਬ,   ⥫ CD-ROM
ଠ Yggdrasil ⨫ 1200-࠭ Linux Bible  ன ֥
 饭 ਠ ஥ LDP,  ⠪ ᫥ ࠢ
㬥 - FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions).

 筮, 㦥 㯮訥  ⥫⢠ Sams Publishing.  
  ⠢ 讥  "஢ ᥫ", ᯮ 
᪢  ࠩ .ய⪨᪠ (⥫. (095) ....... ).

롮 樮 ⥬

  ६   롮 樮 ⥬  ᮭ
஢   ⠢.  짮⥫ 室  ࠢ
᫮ -  । MS-DOS.   ࠧ⨥  ।  ஭᪨
⠢  DOS, ⠪  Windows  ஢ "",  業 砫
室   "㯨 ⢨ ୮ 樨"-Windows NT 
OS/2.  ஬ , ᪨ ⥬, ᮢ襭  砫
 ୮     UNIX - Linux, ࠧࠡ뢠
ப ( 㢥祭) 㣠 㧨⮢.

 㦤 ,  ࠢ 롮 樮 ⥬ ॡ
⥫쭮 訢  ""  "⨢".  訡  ⮬ 
ਢ  ࠢ ⠬  ࠧࠡ ਪ ணࠬ,
ᯫ ᠬ ᫨⥫쭮 ⥬   몮  ᫨⥫묨
ﬨ. 祬, ᫨   吝  祭 㬥樨 
⥬, ।஢ 䨣樮 䠩  뫨뢠 直
客,     ⮨ ⪠뢠  ன ன Windows 3.1.
  , ᫨  쥧 뢠  室  32-ࠧ來
樮 ⥬,  ० ᥣ ⮨ 㬠  ⮬,  
⥬ -Windows NT, OS/2  Linux.   ⮣ ਤ
ᬮ ᪮쪮 䠪஢.

ਨ 業

筮 ,  롮 樮 ⥬ ᠬ אַ ﭨ 뢠 
 ।⢠,  묨  ।⮨ ࠡ.  ᫨ ᮢ
襣   墠  㧪 ⥬,  ࠧ  ᬮ
ᯮ짮   ?

 ॡ   ।⢠ ᫥騥. -, 
室  襩   80386 (  32-ࠧ來). 筮,
襭 魮  ⥫쭮,   易⥫쭮. ࠧ
襥 祭  襭 饩 ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ࠥ
֥ ⨢ . ,  ᪠ Linux  OS/2 
ॡ   4  ⨢ ,   Windows NT - 
襩  12 .  ᠥ ᪮ ,  
ॡ  Linux ⠢ 15 , 32   OS/2  70  
Windows NT.    ,   ᮢ 墠 ⮫쪮  "஡",
  ॠ쭮 ࠡ ॡ ⥫쭮  ᮪ (. 1 
2).

 .1. ॡ  ⨢ 

 ॡ  ⥬ Linux    OS/2   Windows NT
 쪮 
 ப, 
 ᪨ ।     2          
 (OS/2  NT  ⮬
 ०  ࠡ)
 쪮 㧪
 ⥬ (Linux    6      4    12 
 ࠢ X)
  ⠢
 樮 ⥬
 (  
             8      8    16 
 ⠭
 ਫ)
 ஢
 짮⥫,
 ࠡ騩  訬
 ⢮          12     16   24 
 ਫ
 ६

 .2. ॡ  ᪮ 

 Linux             OS/2            Windows NT
 쭠 ⠭ ⥬
 Linux, POSIX,   OS/2, OS/2 32-  Windows NT, Win32,
 15               16-, 20  50 
  ⠭

 Linux, + DOS,     OS/2, + DOS,    Windows NT, + DOS,
 X/Window,         Win16,          Win16, POSIX 
 ਫ, 60  ਫ, 32  祥, 70 
                   
  ⠭ ⥬
 Linux + 讥   OS/2 + 
 ⢮        ਫ     Windows NT + 
 ਫ  90   40   ਫ 
                                100 

祬, , ⥫   㣠.  ࠪ᪨  ᮢ६
 ⨬ ॡ 㤮⢮.     ஡ -
஡ ᮢ⨬  ।.  窨 ७ ࠢ ᫠
  म - ⪮ ᪮஢  ।⢠
(hardware)   ⢥    ࠨ
ணࠬ 祭 (software),   ६  砫 ᥫ 
אַ ⨢.  , ᫨  襬 ᯮ殮   
設 MCA (MicroChannel Architecture), ன ᭠饭  
 IBM ਨ PS/2,      ᯮ짮 Linux
( ⥪ Linux  ন). ᫨  襬 
⠭  Compaq Qvision,   ,  OS/2  
ন.  ᫨   ⠭ ⥢ ஫ 3Com 3c501,
 Windows NT  ⪠  ন.

     ᯨ᮪ ஡,   ⮬  ﭭ
.  ,   ⤠ ᥡ ,  ਮ⥭
ᠬ ᮢ६ 㤮, ⮫쪮  襣  뭪, ᥣ
ॢ  ஡ ᮢ⨬-   ⠪, 
 ࠩ஢   ன  .  ⮬...  ⮨
 । ஢. ᫨, 筮,     ⫠
樮 ⥬,  ⠪.

 ,  樮 ⥬, ४  ࠧࠡ稪,
ন  ।   ।. ⮬
   ࠧ㬭 室  ਮ⥭ ⮢
᫨⥫쭮 ⥬  ।⠭ 樮 ⥬.   
ᨩ᪮ 뭪  ⠪   ,   ⠢
  ।⠭ Windows NT, OS/2  Linux,  㬥
࠭  ᨫ, ᫨  ᪮쪮   ᪨ 
⠢騪,  ᠬ  ⨬ ⠢  ।.

᫨  ਮ⥭   楫   
ਥ ਠ⮬,  室  -  筨 ⠭
⥬.  ᫨   ⠭    ஡,   
殢  㤥   ᢮  㤠  ⮣,  ⥫ 
!

  ࠧ  ⥬?

祢 .  樮 ⥬ ।,  ਫ 
 饭  襬 ,    䥩 짮⥫,
 ⠪,  ࠧ ਫ  ⢮  ᮡ.
ਬ, ᫨        Microsoft (Word, Excel,
Access  PowerPoint),   ਤ ⪠  Linux.

OS/2  ন  ਫ,    ,   1991
 Microsoft ४⨫ ন ஥  IBM... Windows NT
ᯮ   ᠬ 䥩 ᯥ஢ 䠩  ,  ஬
 㦥 ਢ몫  Windows 3.1. , 䥩  ᫨誮 㤮,  
  ਢ祭.  뢠  ࠭祭 (    
- ), 짮⥫     ⥬, ᪨ 
㣫  㣮    ன ।.

 OS/2 ॠ 楯 ֥⭮-ਥ஢ 室  ஥
䥩 짮⥫. , ⠪  ணࠬ ।⠢ ᮡ
֥,    ֥ ࠪ᪨ ந ࠧ.
箪   ֥  ਢ   樨㥬  
ਫ.  騢 䠩   ਭ,  ⠢ ⥬ 
ᯥ. ஬ ⮣, 짮⥫   
ࠪ᪨  ன ⥬,  ਫ    ४
஫-" ᫥ ".

 ᮦ,      ஭.  ⭮,
稭騩 짮⥫ 쭮   㤨  ⥬, 
㦨 㦭 ֥   ᮢᥬ .   ⮬ 砥,
ࠧ (筮  뢠 ࠧ) 䥩 ࠥ
⥫ ஫ -  ⫨  ਫ  㣮.

Linux,  ⫨稥  ⠫ ⥬, ᯮ X/Window.  㭨쭠
᪠ । - ᢮ࠧ 堬,   ਭ 
  -ࠧ ࠡ뢠  짮⥫.  祢 -
   ன  ᢮ .   祢  
- ⭮⥫쭠 ᫮  㪠  ன.  ⮩ ⥬
ॠ 讥 ⢮ ࠧ 짮⥫᪨ 䥩ᮢ,
   稫    ப ࠭.  
⥫쭮 㤭 祭 짮⥫  ᮯ஢ ⥬ 
楫. Linux,  ᢮  ।⠢ ᮡ 樮 ⥬,
ਥ஢  ࠢ   ப.   ࠨ,
ࠧࠡ⠭  ᯥ 䠩  ᯥ .  ⠪  Midnight
Commander - " ⢥  ⮭". , 設⢮ 祪, 
祭  ⠢ Windows  OS/2 ,  ᮡ ᫮⥩ ॠ  
Linux.    ࢮ砫쭮 ன ॡ ࠡ 筮
஢ ᯥ樠, ⠫ 짮⥫ Linux   ᢮
ᯮ殮 । " ᥬ 㤮⢠".  ⥬ 筮 ஡
ᢥ饭  ,  뢠 ⢥   ᢮.

  Linux  ᯫ⭮ ⥬,   㤥  -
 ଠ樨     Internet, 室 ᯥ樠஢
ୠ Linux Journal, ࠡ 㯯 짮⥫,  ⮬ ᫥  
ᨨ,  祬,     UNIX    ᯥ宬 ᯮ짮
 襩 ࠡ. ⢥ २⢮ Linux 﫥 ⢨
孮᪨ ᥪ⮢, ਭ -  ,  ⠪
㯭 室 ⥪  樮 ⥬, ஥  
஢  㦤   ⤥쭮 짮⥫.  
㤨⥫쭮,  १ ᯮ짮 饤㯭 ଠ樨  
 ⨭  樮 ⥬, , ⥬  
㭪樮쭮 ⮩  ⫨筮 ந⥫쭮. 宦,  IBM 
Microsoft  祬 !



 ᨢ ᫮   ᪮ ਠ  ਬ 
樮 ⥬ 砥,   -   㭤,  ஬
ঠ   짮⥫. ⮬   롨 ,
ᮤঠ   㭪樨,  室   襭 ⥪
,  ⠪ ,    襬 饬.   ⮬ 
뢠  ,  室  প 㭪権 ⥬.

Linux, ⠪    OS/2, ࠧࠡ뢠  ⨬஢  ࠡ 
஬ 80386  ᮢ⨬  .  Windows NT,  , 
뫠   ⠭⮬ 樮 ⥬  뫠 ஢  MIPS
 DEC Alpha.   ଠ Digital  ⠢    Alpha 
樮 ⥬ Windows NT,  ࠢ,  ᥩ  
  Digital ⥣᪨.  祬 ᭨  
64-ࠧ來 ᨨ UNIX   Alpha?  ࠡ⠭
 ⥬, প ᪨ ਫ  ⪠⮩稢 ⥬ -
᫮, Digital UNIX -  .   ,   
 ᢮ ᨨ UNIX,     襩
୮.

   ন  ० ࠡ,  ஬
६ 믮 ᪮쪮 짮⥫ ਫ.  
६ ଠ஢ , 㦠 䠩  Internet  BBS,
।஢   ⥪⮢ .  ࠢ  MS-DOS 
⢥ 蠣 ।. NT ন ⠪  ०
ࠡ, , 祬, ਥ஢  ࠡ ⮫쪮  ஬
Pentium.    Linux 蠥 ࠧࠡ⪠ ⥢ ஢騪,
  ॢ ᪮쪮 Linux-設   襢
஢ 80386  ஥  ୮ ⥬ (Purdue's
Adapter for Parallel Execution and Rapid Synchronization).  ஬ ⮣, 
 ֥ ᪮쪮 Linux-設   㠫
 㯥મ   ᮧ ண   ன
  㤥 믮  Linux-設,  /뢮 
 믮  Sun, SGI,   Windows. ,  ⠪
⥬   "ࢨ"   易⥫쭮 ⨬ ᪮쪮
  䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ᢮ ᫨⥭
ᮢ .

NT  Linux ন ⠪ ᪮ ஢ ᪮ , 
 ६   OS/2 ॠ ࠤ樮 室, 騩  뤥
䨪஢ ֥  ( 512   2 ).  १
ந⥫쭮 Linux  NT 뢠 ⢥ , ᪮
室  ࠡ⪨   設⢥ 砥 뢠 㦥 
-.  ⫨稥  OS/2  Windows NT 짮⥫᪠ ࠡ
ন Linux   ֥.  짮⥫, 㤠
ନ, 祭 १ ,  ⠪ 짮⥫, 祭
।⢮ 쭮 ᫨⥫쭮   - ࠭祭 
६ ࠡ  ᪨  ᨬ쭮-ਥ஢묨
ਫﬨ.

  ࠪ᪨ 権   ⠢ Linux 
७樨. Linux  ⠪  । ᯥ祭 ᭮
⥬, । ⪨ 짮⥫ "᫮ 設".

祬,  Windows NT   짮⥫᪮ ⥬, 
஢  襣   짮⥫. ⮬  
 ᪨ ।⠢ ⥢   Linux-  NT-設,   ६,
 짮⥫ OS/2   室 ।⢠  諥 
諥 ࠧ襭 樮 ⥬.

室 ⬥,  ࠧ । ᭮ Linux  
᫥ ।  ⥬,  ᯮ ⠭
஡஢ 襭   UNIX,  諨 ⠭ ६. 
  ᮢ६ 襭 - 㦥 ᥣ   ⠭  Linux
⥬ ஫ 㯠 ᥬ⢠ Firewall.  ⮣,  ।⢠
ন ஬ ⥬! ᭮ ࠪ⨪  
ᬠਢ ⥬ ᢥ  .3.

 3. ࠢ⥫ ࠪ⨪ 32-ࠧ來 樮 ⥬

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Maksim Moshkow  ਢ ⠡窠, ॢ  ᪮
⥪ 1994- ᪠.    ᪮쪮 権   﫨 
 Linux -  ""  "",  : ୮  稭 
ᨩ  2.1.39    প SMP  ᪮쪨
 稯⮢  ஢     
稥 ࠡᯮᮡ ᨩ Linux  DEC, Sun,  ⠪   ᨨ
  R4000, PowerPC  祣- ⠬   ᬮ ⠪
 ७ :^).  ,    ⮢ Linux 㦥 
"㥬" NT Microsoft LAN Server   ୮ Samba 
? Linux 뭥 㬥 ࠡ    ࢥ Microsoft ⢮ઠ -
  ।⠢   ਭࠬ  ᪠.   ᠥ Netware 
 IPX 16-ࠧ來 ਫ Windows  㯠  200$ WABI ( 
 ᫮ -  30 :-)  ଠ쭮  Microsoft Word 6,
Excell, Access - e  MS Office   Netscape 3.0 for windows
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 ࠬ                Linux     OS/2        Windows
                                               NT
 筮                           
 ⮪ ࠡ⪠                  
 ୮            ࠡ뢠
 প ࠫ쭮
 ࠡ                                   
 짮⥫᪨
 ०                                    
  ஢ 
                        
 ᪮ ஢
 ᪠                                    
 ᨬ ֥
 , 뤥塞      3    512    2 
  
 ন ⥢ ⮪
 TCP/IP                               
 NFS                                  
 IPX/SPX                               
 IBM LAN Server                      
 Microsoft LAN Server                    
 ন 䠩 ⥬
 FAT (DOS)                                 

 HPFS (OS/2)             ⮫쪮              
                         ⥭
 NTFS (Windows NT)                       
 EXT2 (Linux)                             
 ISO9660 (CD-ROM)                          
 Network File System
 (NFS)                                
 Coherent (UNIX)                          
 Stacker                                  
 DoubleSpace                             
 ন ਫ
 DOS                                       
 16-ࠧ來 ਫ
 Windows                 ࠡ뢄       
 16-ࠧ來 ਫ
 OS/2                                     
 32-ࠧ來 ਫ
 Windows                                 
 32-ࠧ來 ਫ
 OS/2                                     
 POSIX-ᮢ⨬
 ਫ                               
 ਫ  Macintoshࠡ뢍       
 ਫ SCO UNIX                      
  X/Window                         
 ⮨ 樮 ⥬
  業
 -⮢⥫      ᯫ⭮ $199        $495
 쭠 業 ()     $50       $179        $289
 쭠 業 (CD-ROM)  $15-40    $150        $289

  室 ...

祢,   ⥫쭠 㭪, ॠ  ⥬,
ਢ  㢥祭 ֥ ⥬,  ᪠뢠  ॡ 
⨢   ⪨ ᪠. ஬ ⮣, 祬  ֥
樮 ⥬, ⥬   筮 ࠡ⠥. Windows NT
 ᠬ 让  ᬠਢ  ⥬. 稭 ⮣
 ᮪ ᫮ ⥬  让  ন 
㭪権. , , ⮫쪮 蠥 ७ᯮᮡ ⥬. Linux
(   X/Window)  ᫥饩  ࠧ ⥬.

⢥ , ᠬ Linux  ᪫⥫쭮  ֥, 
X/Window  쭮  ᪮. 祬,  設⢥ 砥,
᪨ 䥩 ⮨  .

 , OS/2   ⭮ ⥬.   ⮬ 
⮨ ਢ⥫쭮 樮 ⥬, ࠧࠡ⠭ IBM.
짮⥫ 室  ⮫쪮 8  ⨢ , ⮡
ਮ   ֥⭮-ਥ஢ 䥩,  ।⠢
ᮡ    筮 ࠡ  ਫﬨ DOS,
Windows  OS/2.

᫨   ᨫ ⢮ ᪨ 䥩ᮬ,  Linux
  ⭮ 樮 ⥬.  ஬ ⮣,  ᠬ
ன.  ⮬,  設⢠   㤥 筮 4 
⨢ .  १, Linux  ᯥ宬  ᯫ஢
  , ᭠饭 ஬ 80386,   ६,   OS/2
 NT  ਤ   ।   .
筮,  ⪮ ⨢  Linux 㬥 ᯮ廊, 
뢠, -宧᪨. ,  ࠡ  16  , Linux ⠢
 ਫ  ᪮   12 !

⬥⨬,  ࠧ ⥬     ᨫ
ࠪ⨪ Linux. ⥬ 砫쭮 ஥஢ ᨬ쭮
⭮  ந⥫쭮,   ६   NT ᭮ ਥ
⨬樨 﫠 ७ᨬ,   OS/2 - ᮢ⨬ 
।騬 ﬨ ⥬. ஬ ⮣, ᪮  
Linux-⥬   ᢮ ᯮ殮  室 ⥪ , 
  ⨬஢  ࠡ   㤮  㦤
짮⥫. , OS/2  NT 墠 ⠪   .

 ﭥ  ...

Windows NT ﭥ , ᪮  ⮩稢 ⥬, ।祭
 ப ࠭ ஢  Intel.

OS/2  ﭥ  ⮩ 稭,    ⥬  ᪠
16-ࠧ來 ਫ DOS  Windows,   ⮬ ।⠢ 
ਮ  ਢ⥫쭮  32-ࠧ來 ⥬.

   ⥬  箪 -  OS/2  NT ਢ뢠
짮⥫  ⮩   孮 -  ਫ  ࠡ
  OS/2,   Windows NT.   Linux " ", ᪮  
᭮  ஧. ਫ, ࠧࠡ⠭  Linux  
७ᥭ   UNIX-⥬.  ᫨ ਥ  "
孮" IBM  Microsoft, ,  讬 , ᪮
ன,  Linux । 室  襪, ⠢ ⠬.

祬,  ⮬   ⠪  । 㤭.  ⮣,
⮡     ࠬ  樮 ⥬  
롨 ਫ,  ন ࠧ묨 ଠ. ᫨
  ஭ ⠡ ࠡ  Windows, OS/2, UNIX  
Macintosh,    㢥७,  ᬮ   த  
㣨 ⥬.

祬,  ,    ਤ 몫뢠   
ᮡ⢥ 襫쪠. ⭮ ᮡ Linux   ᯮᮡ
ᯮ짮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ।祭  㣨
-ਥ஢ ᨩ UNIX, ⠪,  ਬ, SCO UNIX. 祬, 
UNIX-⥬   ॠ ᨨ ⥪⮢ ஢, ᮯ⠢
 ﬨ Microsoft Word  Lotus Word Pro.   ᮦ, 
 䠪 ᤥন ࠭ Linux.

᪮쪮    Linux?

 窨 ७ ௮⨢ 짮⥫ Linux 쭮 뢠 
楯 "/ࢥ", ॠ㥬   ⮪ TCP/IP.  ⮬
Linux  ॢ   ॢ襥 㤮  
䠩-ࢥ, 䠪-ࢥ, ࠡ騩    ࠢ 䠪ᮢ १
७ ⥬ ஭   postscript-ਥ஢
ਭ-ࢥ,  㦨     ਭ.
 ⮬, Linux  ࠡ⠥ ⮩稢, 祬  ᪨
ᮡ.

⥬ ⭠  ,  ஬ ⮣,   ४ 
襭  । .    ⠭  
ਠ  (ਬ, Mitac  Octagon).  Linux ஥
।⢠ প ஭   㯠  ᠬ Internet. C⥬
⫨筮 㬥஢  砥  襥 ࠭  ᥬ
.

 প ࠡ ࠡ  ਫ楩.  (!)   
⪨. ० ᥣ, 쭮 ࠭祭 ⢮ ᪨
த⮢,  ।  㦥    SQL-ࢥ  , 
⥪⮢   稥 㦭 . ஬ ⮣,  砥 ᠭ
⥬,    ᢠ   "ਢ   Microsoft".  筮,
  易 뫨뢠 㦥  訡,  ࠧࠡ稪
ணࠬ ᯥ祭 Linux 筮 ⥫쭮 ⭮  ⨪
짮⥫...

 窨 ७ 孨᪨ ⮢ 짮⥫ Linux ।⠢
⫨ 蠭 ""  樮 ⥬.   㯥
室  樮 ⥬,  ᠬ  ᥡ   祡
ᮡ, ஥ ⠪  ﭥ ஡  ࠪ⨪.  १ 㦥
ᥣ   ᯮ짮 ᮪ந⥫묨 ஢騪
 ⨯樨, ᯥ஠ࠬ   Sound Blaster, ࠧ묨
ࠬ (祬, ਬ,    CommonLisp?)  ࠬ (㦥
ॠ DOOM)  稬 த⠬.  窮, 筮 ,
।⥫묨 ਠ⠬  OS/2,   襩 ⥯, Windows
NT.

⮩   䥩 OS/2  쥧 㤨⥫ ⨢,
  ६  NT ਢ   ᢮ . ,    ६ ᫥
ਧ,  訩  짮⥫ 頥  ன ன
Windows 3.1,  ⠪  ࠡ  Norton Commander.

 ⠭ 32-ࠧ來 樮 ⥬   䨣஢
  ᮬ   ਢ.

 ⮣, ⬥⨬,  Linux 뢠  魮 ⥬,
 ࠧࠡ⠭ ࣠ 㯯 ணࠬ⮢-⥫. 
   ᭮ ஢७ ६. ⢮  ⢮ ᢮
࠭塞 ਫ  ࠦ.  ᫨  㤥
襭 ஥ Wine, 騩 ᪠ Windows-ਫ  ।
X/Window, Linux  ⥫   졥  ᪨
樮묨 ⥬.  ⮩ ⥬ 뢠   
 짮⥫.   樮 ࠧ⨥   ⥬ 
⮩稢  ⢠ 짮⥫ Linux.

⠭ LINUX

 ⠭ Linux      ।
ᯮ㥬 ਡ⨢  ᯥ樠 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ஥
⠭    ந⥫ CD-ROM.  襩  
ᬮਬ ࠤ樮 ਡ⨢ Slackware,  ⠪  "ଥ"
ਡ⨢,  室  ⠢ LinuxWare  TAE  RedHat.

㧪 ਡ⨢ Slackware

० ᥣ 室 ᮧ 㧮 ᪨.  Unix  ॡ
 ᪥ 5.25" HD - ⠪ 뢠 boot  root. 筮, ᫨
㧮  ᪮ 3.5",   ॡ  ᪥ 
1.44 . ஬ ⮣, ⮢    ᪥,  
 ⫠.

 ᪨   砫쭮 㧪?

 ࠧ  ᪥

⠭  ਢ CD-ROM  TAE Volume 2 (   ᨨ) 
ᮧ ᪥   ணࠬ Install.    ᪨,
ᮧ   ணࠬ Install, 㯮୮   㦠 
襩 設.   䥪 ,  訡 ࠧࠡ稪 ணࠬ
⠭.   訡  ᬥ⥫쭠.   ᪥  ᯥ樠
⠫ BOOT,  ஬ 饭 ᨨ 㧮 (boot)  ୥
(root) ᪮  ࠧ ਠ⮢ 䨣樨 ⥬.   
ᬮ   ணࠬ ᥪ୮ ஢ rawrite, 
 ନ஢ ࠧ  ᪥.

 ୥   ⠭. ⨢  ਢ ᪥ boot ᬥ
  Reset. ᫨  㧪 ४ १ ᪮쪮
ᥪ㭤,    㣠,   ⥬ ᮮ⢥ 襩
䨣樨.  ⨢ 砥  ࠭  뢥 ᪨
ᮮ饭,  ⥬   ᮮ饭, ਣ饥  ⠭ 
root.    ᪮  ।   ᪠
ணࠬ ਢ⭨:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

darkstar login:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ⢥ root   <Enter>.   宧鶴 ⥬  
ᯮ裂 .  ० 室 ⠢ Linux  . 
⮬ ᪠ ணࠬ fdisk.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

fdisk <䨪 ᪠>

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

祭 ᪮  Unix ⢥ ⫨  MS-DOS. , 
, 祭  ஫ IDE, 砥  /dev/hda,
ன - /dev/hdb,  , 祭  䥩 SCSI - 
/dev/sda, /dev/sdb  ⠪ .  ।,   ⮫쪮 
, 祭  ஫ IDE. ⮬   ⥬
:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

fdisk /dev/hda

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 ணࠬ fdisk 뤠 ᪠. 鮢 fdisk  Unix , 祬 
DOS.  m    ᯨ᮪ ,  p - ᯥ
⥪饥 ﭨ ⠡ ࠧ.   - ᮧ   ࠧ
-  䠩 ⥬ Linux (Native Linux - ⨯ 83)   窨 (Linux
swap- ⨯ 82).

  窥. ᫨  襩 ⥬  16  ⨢ 
- ࠧ 窨   㦥.  ᫨ ,  !   
砩.  ࠧ 窨    Linux   ॢ
16 ,  ᥣ   ⠭  128 .   
ᮧ ᯥ樠 䠩  窨  ६ 믮 ணࠬ 
᢮ ࠭⢮  ᪥ ᫥  襭!

,  ⬥  ᮡ ணࠬ fdisk.  ᮧ ࠧ
 㤥 । 㪠  樫 ࠧ,  ⥬ ࠧ,
뤥塞 ࠧ. ⮡ 뤥, ᪠ 80 ,   ⥬ 
᫥ 樫 ࠧ  +80M (᫨  +80 -  80
!).

। 室  ணࠬ  ࠧ ᬮ  ⠡.  ᫨ १
 ࠨ   w. ᫨  ,    
१⮢ ( - q)   ࠧ  .

 祭 ࠧ,  ᯮ  MS-DOS  Linux.
  ᪮ .

,  㦥 㦥 ᥩ.  ᪮॥ ᥣ,  ⮫쪮 , ⮡
 ⨢ ,  ᮧ ᯥ樠 ࠧ 窨.
 室 ⠢  ⮬  ⭮ 樮 ⥬.
।,    뤥 ࠧ /dev/hda4 ࠧ஬ 8192 
(1  = 1  -   ⥡ ஢!).

⮬  ᫥ :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

mkswap -c /dev/hda4 8192

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 १ ࠧ 㤥 ࠧ祭  窨.  -c 㦭 ⮫쪮 
 ஢ -  ࠧ⪥ 㤥 ஢ ஢ઠ  ।
   ,  砥 㦥    ஦
묨 䫠. ⮬ ᮮ饭  訡  ஢. 
᫥ ࠡ ⥬   .  室 ࠧ
⥬ ᯮ짮 ࠧ 窨.  ⮣   :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

swapon /dev/hda4

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

. ֥ ⨢  襩 ⥬ 㢥稫  8192 .

᫨  ᮧ ᪮쪮 ࠧ 窨,   楤 
  .

  த,     讥 㯫. Unix
祭 宦  ᯮ⥫쭮 ᮫,   ⮫쪮 ,  
ਪ뢠.   㣮 ஭,   祣   ࠧ. 
砥,  ᮧ  樨஢  ࠧ 窨 㤥
"稢",         swapoff. 
뢠  楤 ⠭ ।   ࠧ ଠ஢
 ⠭ ࠧ 窨.   ⮣   ! ⥣᪨
 !

  ⮬,  ᫨    ,   ᬮ  ணࠬ
⠭,  樠஢ ࠧ 窨.  ᫨ ⠥ ⠭
ࠧ ன ࠧ,  ࠧ  ⥬ -  ࠭ 窨 
  ⮬  ࠧ  ।  ᨬ묨 堭.

⮬, ᫥ ᪠ ணࠬ setup 室 ⪠  ।
믮  mkswap,   ⮨ ࠦ ⨢ 祭 swapon 
業਩ 㧪.  ⨢ 砥  ਤ ᠬ⥫쭮 믮
    ᪥ ⥬.

 室 ⠭ 筨, 㤠 㤥 ⢫ 㧪
⥬  . 筮,  ᪮ ᪠! ⥬ 筨 ⨯
ਢ,  ⮬ ⠯ ⥬ ন  ᫥  ᯨ᪥ 
室  ᫥饬 㭪.

 ᫥騬 㭪⮬   ।, 㤠 ⠭ Linux  
ࠧ   㤥 ᯮ짮.     ᯮ
ﭨ ⠡ ࠧ. ।,      ࠧ
MS-DOS: /dev/hda1  /dev/hda2,  ⠪ ࠧ ⨯ Linux native -
/dev/hda3.   稬   ⥬.

砫 ணࠬ setup  㪠,  ࠧ ᯮ짮 
䠩 Linux.  ਠ⮢ - ࠧ /dev/hda3. ᫥ ⮣  ।
 ⨯ 䠩 ⥬.  뢠  ࠧ ⮢, 
롨ࠩ ext2fs.  ᪠    "" - " , !"
᫥ ⮣ ᯮ ᮣ蠩  ଠ஢ ࠧ,  ⮨
ࠦ  ⨢ ஢ન  稥  .

᫥ 襭 ଠ஢  ।   ⠢ 䠩
⥬ ࠧ DOS.  ⮨ ⪠뢠,     
ࠧ.   ᬮ । 䠩  DOS  ⭮ ⥬ ⮩
 cp ( copy  MS-DOS). ⢥ ⮭  - 롮
窨 ஢.  ⨬  Unix   ⠫, 
⠢  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥬   ᪮ ன⢮.  , 
  ⥬  祭 ࠧ     ᪥
 ⮫쪮  ୥ ⠫, 砥  "/".

⥫쭮  ⠫, 뢠騥 Unix  DOS   ⮬
᭮ ⠫, ਬ /dos-c  /dev/hda1  /dos.d  /dev/hda2.
   ᮢ⮢    Linux ⮫쪮 ன ࠧ, 
ᮤঠ騩 ᠬ DOS - -⠪ ०  ०!

,  ,   ᯥ ⠫ 䠩 DOS, 室騥
 ⠫ D:\F117,   : dir /dos.d/* .    ⭮
஢ 㦭     䠩  MS-DOS ࠭祭
ᥬ ᨬ,  ७ -   .   ⮬  ਬ
,  ᥩ த ⠭.

ࢮ砫쭠 ⠭ ⥬

᫥ ⠭ ᭮ ࠧ  ⥬ । ᯨ᮪
஢ ᪮ (diskset)  ⠭  襬 . 砫,
筮,  ࠧ   ⠭   ᨬ.  ⮣
    砥  㦭. ᯥ.  ᥩ    
 ଠ ࠡᯮᮡ 樮 ⥬. ⮬ 
롨ࠥ ⮫쪮   ᪮: A  D  㯠  ⠭.

 㬮砭 ⥬ 롨ࠥ ० ⠭  ᪠ 
짮⥫.  ࠦ,  ⮬ 砥   ⠭ 
  ᬮ 㧭,    뢠  . 砫 
⠭  A.      ⨥   ⠭
쭮.  ⮫쪮 

 .    ⠭  SCSIKERN, ᫨    
஫஬ IDE  ,  㦭  IDEKERN, ᫨    
䥩ᮬ SCSI. ᫨       㣨 ᪨, ⠭ 
⮫쪮  ⮣ ,    ⠭ ⥬. 
⠫묨 ࠧ६ .

 ⠭ ⨫  প ਭ  ,  
 ࠡ⠥  ⮪ TCP/IP.    ஡ ⬥⨬,
  ࠡ  ன⢮   ॡ ᮧ  ,
     襩 設.

ன  ᪮ - D, ᮤন 㬥⠫ ।⢠ ࠧࠡ⪨
ணࠬ ᯥ祭  । Linux.  ॡ:

   *   (gcc);
   * ⥪  ;
   *  樮 ⥬ (Linux kernel)   ;
   * 砥 䠩  祭 ⥪.

⠭    C++, Objective C  ⥬  LISP, PERL,
९ Pascal, Modula, Fortran  ⮬ ⠯  㦭.  ᬮ
ᤥ  ⮬.

  ⠭ ࠭  ணࠬ ᯥ祭  
襭. ⥬ ।   ਠ 㧪 Linux.  ⮬
⠯ 樨 ⥬  롨ࠥ 㧪  ᪥.  ⠭
 ᪥ (  ⮢   ᠬ 砫 ,  ⠪ ?)
 ணࠬ setup ⠭   稪  Linux. 䨣஢
, ,  쭮 ६  .    祬.

० ᥣ, १㧨  祭 ᪥. ᫨ 㧪 
㤠筮, ਤ   ᮧ ࠧ ⥬  ᪥ 
㧮筮 ᪠,  㪠 .   ⮬  ᯮ
⤥쭠 ᪥  㧪 ⥬ -  ᪨ root  boot ⠫
楫  ࠭. ᪮ MBR    﫨,  
祭 ⠭  ⢨ ᪥  誥 A:  ⠪   
࠭ 㤥 㦠 MS-DOS.  㧪 Unix 㤥 ⢫ 
ᮧ  ⮫쪮  ᪥.

᫥ 㧪 ⥬  ᪥    ॣ஢ 
䨪஬ root. , , ⢥ 㯭  ᥩ
䨪. 㣨  ⥬   .  ⥯  㯨 
,   ࣭ 冷 짮⥫  饭
९.   - ᥩ    ४㥬  樮
⥬.

  樮 ⥬

 ,   ஫.  室  ⠫
/usr/src/linux.  ३   ⠫?   MS-DOS ⢮
  짮⥫  樮 ⥬ CP/M,   ᢮
। ᯮ짮 ਢ 짮⥫ 砫 80-  
짮⥫᪨ UNIX-⥬.

室  ⮬ ⠫  ᪠ ᫥ :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

make config

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 ⢥   ॡ   ᯨ᮪ ᮢ,   
⢥ 筮 ⥫쭮. ᫨  襩 ⥬  ⥬᪨
ᮯ,    80387 ,  ᥩ   㦭. ᫨
 ⠭ Linux    ஬ 80386,  ⨬
 80486 ⠪  ᯮ.

   । .       䠩 ⥬
-  ⥫.

-,  ᥩ   㤥 ᮮ ⥬,  ⨯
஢ ᯮ  襬 : IDE / SCSI.  ᢮
⥬   ᯮ짮  ⨯ ஫஢.  ਬ, 㧪
⢫  筮  祭  IDE-஫, 
ன  祭   SoundBlaster ASP 16 SCSI-2.   
⠭ ஫ Adaptec 1522  ஥   BIOS.  , 
⫨稥  MS-DOS  ஫ SCSI ন ஬ Linux! 㦭
⮫쪮 ।। ⥬   稨.

  , 㦭   ⥢ প,   뢠 
⢥砩 "!" -,  প ਭ  Linux ॠ
१ ⥢ 㭪樨,  ஬ ⮣, 設⢮ 쥧 ਫ,
ॠ 孮 "-ࢥ" (ਬ,  Postgress 
⢥ (!) ࢥ   LDBF), ⠪ ᯮ 㭪樨 TCP/IP.

騩   - ⨯ ਢ CD-ROM.   ⥬
⠭  㬮砭  ᮤন ࠩ஢ CD-ROM   
㦨 ਢ     뫮 ⨯. ⮬  ॣ樨
⥬  㤠  .   ⮨ ⮫쪮  ⮬, ⮡
४⭮ 㪠 ⨯ ਢ.

㪮 , ᫨    , ⠪   ᪮䨣஢ 
⮬ ⠯. 祬  祣 ᫮ .    䠩묨 ⥬
 ঠ  ! প 譨 ⠭⮢  筮   祬.
 ᯨ᮪  ⥬,      樨 ⥬:

   * ext2fs ( extfs,  ன   砫,   㦭!);
   * ms-dos ( ⭮);
   * minix ( ଠ, "頭 ।" );
   * iso9660 (  ଠ ᪮ CD-ROM -     ᬮ 
     ᪨!).

 ⥫쭮 ਥ ᫮  . ⢥
।०: bus mouse  serial mouse -   ࠧ! ᫨ 
誠 砥  ᫥⥫쭮 ,  砩  䨣
bus mouse,  . 祬  譨    ⥬?

᫥ ⮣,  ணࠬ make  ࠡ  Linux 뢥  ࠭
ਣ襭   ,  맮 make,  㦥  ਠﬨ:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

make depend

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  १ ,  ணࠬ  ᢮ ࠡ,  make
 ࠧ,  ⠪:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

make zImage

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ⠢ 砩  室 . ६ ࠭樨 
80386DX-40/4  ⠢ 1  5 ,    
 ֥ ⨢   8 ,   ⥬
﫠 ᥣ ப .  ⠭ Linux  486DX2-66/8  
࠭ ॡ ᥣ  .   ,  
ந⥫쭮 ,  ֥ ⨢ .

  稬  १ ࠭樨? ᥣ ᥣ c஢ 
㯠  ⥬, 饭  䠩
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/zImage.

⨢ ᪮஢ 

     ⨢஢  ࠭   䠩 . 
०, 祬 ⠭   ,  ᮧ ᯥ樠
㧮 ᪥, ⮡ ஢, ࠢ쭮    ᪮䨣஢.

஢塞 ࠡᯮᮡ 

 ⮣ ᪮  ⥬  ᪥ ( ,  
/dev/fd0 ᬠਢ  ਢ    ன⢮ 
饥 䠩 !):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

cat zImage > /dev/fd0

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 ⥬ 믮 ᪮쪮 ஥   ᪥:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hda3

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

rdev -v /dev/fd0 -1
rdev -R /dev/fd0 1
rdev -r /dev/fd0 0

 ⠫ १㧨  祭 ᪥  㡥 
ࠡᯮᮡ   ⥬.

᫥ ⮣,   ᭨,    㦠   
㦠 ᮮ襭  訡    Linux 㦠 
⥫쭮 ᪥.  ⮬ ⥫  筮, ⮡  MS-DOS ⠪
  ᢮ ᯮᮡ  㧪.   ᮢᥬ  ᫮,
᪮   ⠭  MBR Linux Loader  ⢫ ⥩
㧪 樮 ⥬. -   ⢮  
 ᪠,  稭  Volume 3  ⭠ 
窠  襭 ⮩ ஡. ⠪ 筥.

⠭ 砫쭮 稪

-,   ᪮஢ ࠧ   㦥
饣  :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

cp /usr/src/linux/zImage /vmlinuz

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

᫥ ⮣   ਢ    "rdev",
 /dev/fd0  /vmlinuz.

 ⥯    Setup  롨ࠥ 㭪  Set LILO. 砫
 ᮧ  業਩  LILO ( BEGIN). ⥬  
  ࠧ -  DOS   Linux.  ࠧ,  㤥 㯮
 㤥 㦠 ⮬᪨.  ண  ਤ 
.

 ⮬   । ६ ࢠ,  祭 ண
 㤥   짮⥫ ᫥ 祣 㤥 ⢫
㧪 ࢮ 樮 ⥬,    ⠢ LILO 室
  ⨯ ⥬,    㧨.  襭
⠭  権 LILO  ⠥  㭪 end   MBR 㤥
饭  稪.

  ,  ᫨  㬠  ࠧ ४஢ , 
⮣ ஢   㦥 饣 㤥 筮. 
㦭 㤥 易⥫쭮  ࠧ   "rdev"   ࠧ
ᮧ   ⠭ 稪 LILO.

稭      孮,  筮 . 
⥬ Linux ࠧ ᫮, 祬  짮⥫.  ⭮ 
⥬ /vmlinuz 室  ᯥ樠쭮 㯥࡫, ࠧ頥 
㦥  . ᫨     ᪮쪮 砮
㦥 த ࠡ -  ஢ ᫥騩 ᯥਬ.

㤮  㡥⥫ ᯥਬ

㧨 MS-DOS (᫨  뫨  䨪  DOS,    Linux
-   [Tab]   ࠭ 㤥 뢥 ᯨ᮪ 㦠
ࠧ.   ணࠬ fdisk  MS-DOS.   ࠧ
Linux,  ᢮襥   ࠧ DOS,  ⥬, 
 DOS ଠ  ࠧ.  ⥯ ஡   砫쭮
稪 ࠧ Linux  㧨 .

  㬫 ⥫ "㡨" Linux 㤥 㦥  ⨢
.   筮   ᬮ, ᪮  ⠫  䠩
㦥 㭨⮦,  ᠬ ⥬  ⮬  ࠤ!

 墠 ࠪ ᯥਬ⮢,  த ன ⥬.
  㦥 稫? ⥬ ন ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ࠧ  ࠧ
MS-DOS, ⥮᪨ ࠡ⠥   ᪠  ਢ CD-ROM. 
,  ⪥ ⠭  ਢ CD-ROM  砥 ᮮ饭,  
㯥!  祬  ?

    ⠪ 譮,  .   㯮㫨  ⮬, 
䠩 ⥬  ஢   ᪠  窥 ஢.
  ᬮ㥬 ⥬  ᪮  ਢ CD-ROM!

஢ 䠩 ⥬

 ६      Unix - man.  ⥬
ࠢ ࠢ筮 ଠ樥  樮 ⥬, 몠
ணࠬ஢, ਪ ணࠬ  ⠪ .    ࠪ⨪
஡ 맢 ࠢ  ⥬ ftab:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

man ftab

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 ⥯ ३  ⠫ /etc ( ஬ ࠭  䨣樮
䠩 ⥬)  맮  ।஢ 䠩 ftab:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

vi ftab

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

, , ⮡  ⠢  ᪠ ᠭ vi,  ஡ ᪠,

 .

  <Ins>   ३  ० ।஢. ॢ
    ப   <Enter>.   ப.

  ᫥騬 묨:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/dev/fd0     /A    msdos   defaults

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 ⥬ ᮧ   ப
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/dev/fd1    /B     msdos    defaults

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/dev/cdrom  /rom   iso9660   ro

᫥ ⮣   <Esc>,  ⥬   ᨬ ( 
    㣫 ࠭:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

:wq

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

᫥ ⮣  䠩 ftab 㤥 ᠭ  .

    .    ᮧ   ⠫, 
  窠 ஢:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

mkdir /A

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

mkdir /B
mkdir /rom

  ⭮ 㦥 , ᪮ A  B  ন  
᪥⠬  ⠭ MS-DOS,  CD-ROM -  ⠭ iso9660.

  ᪮ த ⭮. ᫨   ন 䠩
⥬ Linux -  msdos  ext2fs  !    ਢ CD-ROM
䠩 ⥬  !   DOS 頥 (१ ࠩ
mscdex.exe)   ⨬ ࠬ .

 , ⥯    ᯥਬ १㧨 
(ᯮ ⮫쪮    楢 - ctrl-alt-del, ⨥
 reset  㡨  !)  ஡ ᬮ
ᮤন ⠫ /rom.

 ⠬ !   ⮬  䠩 ftab ᮤন ⮫쪮 ଠ 
窠  ࠬ ஢ 䠩 ⥬,  ᠬ ஢ 
믮.  ⮬ ஡  :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

mount /dev/cdrom

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ls.  , ⮩ ⠫ /rom

   ᮤঠ!    ᮤন ᪮

᪠.     ⠫, 뢠,  ᯮ짮 ⮩
  ࠭ਯ樨 slackware, ਬ:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/rom/slakware

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

/rom/slackware.120

  ⠫ 室  ᨨ ਡ⨢ 樮 ⥬, 
 㤠 ணࠬ setup  ⠭ 䠩.

   த! 뢠 ணࠬ setup,  ⥬ 롥 㭪
source.  ⥯   㪠  ⢥ 筨 ᪮ ஢ 
- ࠪ ਢ CD-ROM,  㦥 ᬮ஢ ⠫, ਬ
/rom/slackware.120.   㪠뢠   ᪮ , 
 ⠭,   ...

筮,    .  ⭮    稫 ਭ, 
ந 䨣 ᪮ 窨 XWindows   ᮧ
⭮ ।  짮⥫.  饬     ᮢ, 祬
⢥⮢.

⢥ ⮫쪮  .  ᬥ ᪥  CD-ROM?  ⮣  
᭠砫 ࠧ஢ ⠫ -  ஢:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

umount /rom

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

⠭      ஢
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

mount /dev/cdrom

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ⭮, 筮   ᪥⠬.

⠭ ਡ⨢ Red Hat

 ᪨  Red Hat  ᨨ " ⮬ "   ⠪  ,
    ⨬ ਡ⨢ ਮ  㯭
- "⮥ ".  ᪥  㪮⢮  ⠭
⥬, ,     Linux-㬥,  ਥ஢
  㦥   ᮡﬨ ⠭ UNIX  । DOS. ⮬
 ⮩   ᬮਬ  ன ਡ⨢ Red Hat 
஡.

  ਡ⨢

ਡ⨢ Red Hat Linux 2.1 ᮤন  ᪮쪨 ⠫,
࣠ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

   * DOSUTILS -  ⨫  MS-DOS,   
       UNIX 㦥 ணࠬ.     ᬮ
     ᯠ 娢 UNIX  ᮧ 㦠 ᪥  UNIX-ଠ.
   * REDHAT.DOC - ࠧ筠 ᯮ⥫쭠 ଠ  䨣஢
     ⤥ ਩ ன  ன ⥬, FAQ-, HELP-䠩
      ⠪ .
   * REDHAT -  ⮬ ⠫  ࠭ ᠬ ਡ⨢ ⥬. ଠ Red
     Hat  ࠡ⠫ ࠤ樮 Slakware  १ 祣
       ᮤঠ ਩ ⮢   稭.  
     ਧ,  ⠭ Linux  १ ⠫  ⮩!

  室  ⠫ Red Hat:

   * RPMS -   筮 ଠ;
   * base - 訥 娢 । ன 䠩 ⥬ Linux;
   * instimage - ࠧ ⥬, ᯮ㥬  ⠭  । X
     Window;
   * sets - ᨬ 뫪    rpms  ࠧ  ;
     ஬ ⮣,  ⮬ ⠫ ⠭   ⠫:

   * updates -  ,  祭  ᫥ ,
   * images - ࠧ 㧮 ᪮ boot  ramdisk.

 ⮣, ⮡ ⠭ ⥬ , ⠪ ,    ਡ⨢
Slackware ॡ 砫 ᮧ 㧮 ᪨, ᯮ  
⠫ \sets\images\  \sets\updates.

ॡ   ।⢠

 ⮣, ⮡ ⠫஢ ਡ⨢ Red Hat   ֥, 
ॡ   ᫥ ⭠ 䨣:

   * CPU 386 ( 筮 Pentium),
   * Mb RAM,
   *  ᪮  ⢥ ன⢠ A:,
   * CD-ROM (  ⥢),
   * Mb ᢮   ⪮ ᪥  ࠧ Red Hat.

᫨   ⮫쪮 4  RAM, ⮣  Red Hat  ᫥ ⠭
Slackware Linux. ᫨   襬 ᪥   150  ᢮
࠭⢠,   ᬮ ⠭ Red Hat,   ࠭祭 ֥.
᫥ ࢮ砫쭮 ⠫樨   㤥  ⠭ 
CD-ROM ⥫ .  ⪥ ⠭ ࠧ ᫨誮 
⮢,   ஡ ९ ᪠  ⥪ ⠫
ਤ ४     ᠬ 砫.

롮  ⥬

 訬 蠣 㤥 ᮧ  ᪥  ࠧ ᪮:  
boot ᪠    ramdisk. ramdisk ᪥   
⭮ 䨣樨     ⮣,    ⭮
. ,   ⠪  boot ᪠, ਠ⮢ ண 
讥 ⢮  㦭      ᨬ  襩
⭮ 䨣樨.

  5 ᮤন ଠ,     室騩
boot .
 
   SCSI-஫   Ethernet-஫ਢ CD-ROM
 0000                                 IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0001                                 Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0002                                 Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0003                 SMC                IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0004                 SMC                Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0005                 SMC                Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0006                 Western Digital    IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0007                 Western Digital    Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0008                 Western Digital    Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

 0009                 3c503, 3c509,      IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
                         3c579

 0010                 3c503, 3c509,      Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                         3c579              CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0011                 3c503, 3c509,      Blaster,
                         3c579
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

 0012                 AMD LANCE  PCnet  IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
                         (AT1500  NE2100)

 0013                 AMD LANCE  PCnet  Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                         (AT1500  NE2100)  CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0014                 AMD LANCE  PCnet  Blaster,
                         (AT1500  NE2100)
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0015                 稥             IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0016                 稥             Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0017                 稥             Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0018  Adaptec, Buslogic                 IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0019  Adaptec, Buslogic                 Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0020  Adaptec, Buslogic                 Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0021  Adaptec, Buslogic SMC                IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0022  Adaptec, Buslogic SMC                Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0023  Adaptec, Buslogic SMC                Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0024  Adaptec, Buslogic Western Digital    IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0025  Adaptec, Buslogic Western Digital    Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0026  Adaptec, Buslogic Western Digital    Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

 0027  Adaptec, Buslogic 3c503, 3c509,      IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
                         3c579

 0028  Adaptec, Buslogic 3c503, 3c509,      Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                         3c579              CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0029  Adaptec, Buslogic 3c503, 3c509,      Blaster,
                         3c579
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

 0030  Adaptec, Buslogic AMD LANCE  PCnet  IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
                         (AT1500  NE2100)

 0031  Adaptec, Buslogic AMD LANCE  PCnet  Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                         (AT1500  NE2100)  CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0032  Adaptec, Buslogic AMD LANCE  PCnet  Blaster,
                         (AT1500  NE2100)
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0033  Adaptec, Buslogic 稥             IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0034  Adaptec, Buslogic 稥             Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0035  Adaptec, Buslogic 稥             Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0036  Domain, NCR5380,                  IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
       NCR53c7,8xx,
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0037  Domain, NCR5380,                  Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future                    Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0038  Domain, NCR5380,                  Blaster,
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0039  Domain, NCR5380,  SMC                IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
       NCR53c7,8xx,
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0040  Domain, NCR5380,  SMC                Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future                    Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0041  Domain, NCR5380,  SMC                Blaster,
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0042  Domain, NCR5380,  Western Digital    IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
       NCR53c7,8xx,
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0043  Domain, NCR5380,  Western Digital    Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future                    Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0044  Domain, NCR5380,  Western Digital    Blaster,
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0045  Domain, NCR5380,  3c503, 3c509,      IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
       NCR53c7,8xx,      3c579
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0046  Domain, NCR5380,  3c503, 3c509,      Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
       NCR53c7,8xx,      3c579              CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future                    Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0047  Domain, NCR5380,  3c503, 3c509,      Blaster,
       NCR53c7,8xx,      3c579              Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0048  Domain, NCR5380,  AMD LANCE  PCnet  IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
       NCR53c7,8xx,      (AT1500  NE2100)
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0049  Domain, NCR5380,  AMD LANCE  PCnet  Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
       NCR53c7,8xx,      (AT1500  NE2100)  CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future                    Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0050  Domain, NCR5380,  AMD LANCE  PCnet  Blaster,
       NCR53c7,8xx,      (AT1500  NE2100)  Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0051  Domain, NCR5380,  稥             IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
       NCR53c7,8xx,
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future
 0052  Domain, NCR5380,  稥             Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
       IN2000
       EATA-DMA,
       UltraStor, Future                    Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0053  Domain, NCR5380,  稥             Blaster,
       NCR53c7,8xx,                         Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
       IN2000
 0054  稥                            IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0055  稥                            Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0056  稥                            Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0057  稥            SMC                IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0058  稥            SMC                Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0059  稥            SMC                Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0060  稥            Western Digital    IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0061  稥            Western Digital    Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0062  稥            Western Digital    Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

 0063  稥            3c503, 3c509,      IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
                         3c579

 0064  稥            3c503, 3c509,      Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                         3c579              CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0065  稥            3c503, 3c509,      Blaster,
                         3c579
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

 0066  稥            AMD LANCE  PCnet  IDE/ATAPI  SCSI
                         (AT1500  NE2100)

 0067  稥            AMD LANCE  PCnet  Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                         (AT1500  NE2100)  CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0068  稥            AMD LANCE  PCnet  Blaster,
                         (AT1500  NE2100)
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes
 0069  稥            稥             IDE/ATAPI  SCSI

 0070  稥            稥             Mitsumi ( IDE/ATAPI), Sony
                                            CDU31A/CDU33A/CDU535
                                            Matsushita/Panasonic, Sound
 0071  稥            稥             Blaster,
                                            Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes

롥  䨣, ᮮ⢥ 襩 ⥬. ᪮
 ᪮쪮 ࠧ ᪮  boot ࠧ, 室  襩
䨣樨,  ਤ ⠭ ᢮ 롮    .

᫨   ᬮ  ࠧ,   ࠡ⠫  襩 ⥬, 
  ᪠   'images\2940' ( Adaptec 2940) 
'updates\images' (    ࠧ).

 ,  祭 প PCMCIA   㤥 ࠡ 
 boot ᪮,   롥. [ ,  ᫨ 
ᯮ  PCMCIA SCSI,   室 ᯮ짮 boot ࠧ,
騩 প "Adaptec"].

ᯠ ࠧ 㧮 ᪥

᫥ ⮣,  , , ࠫ 室騩 boot , ᪮ 
  ⪨ . ਬ:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  C> copy e:\redhat\images\1213\bootNNN.gz

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 NNNN  ࠭ boot ᪠

⥬ ᪮  ramdisk ᪠  CD-ROM:  ramdisk1.gz  ramdisk2.gz,
     砫 稪.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  C> copy e:\redhat\images\ramdisk1.gz

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  C> copy e:\redhat\images\ramdisk2.gz

 १  襬 ⠫  室  ࠧ 
᪥, 㯠 ⨫⮩ gzip:

bootNNNN.gz

ramdisk1.gz

ramdisk2.gz

 室 ᯠ    䠩, ᯮ 
gunzip  DOS,  室  CD-ROM  ⠫ \DOSUTILS:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

C> E:\dosutils\bootNNNN.gz

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  C> E:\dosutils\ramdisk1.gz
  C> E:\dosutils\ramdisk2.gz

 ⠫ ᪮஢  ࠧ  ᪥.  ⮣  ⮬ 
⠫   ᪮쪮 ᨩ ணࠬ ᥪ୮ ஢
᪥ rawrite. ᨨ 㭪樮쭮   ⫨ ⮫쪮
"짮⥫᪨ 䥩ᮬ".  ᮦ ⭮ ᨨ ணࠬ
rawrite , ⮬  ਤ  ( ᯮ짮  Norton
Commander)   䠩  ᪠,   ⢫ .

 ࠧ ᪮    ᪥ ( boot   ramdisk)  
 ᤥ   ᪥,   ᪥.

㧪  ⥬

楤 ⠭ ᪠筮    窮 - ⠩ 樨
 ࠭  ⢥砩  . ⢥ ,  
,  ᯮ짮  ஡, ⮡  ࠧ,
   ଠ஢.  㢨 ᫥   ࠧ 
ਢ ᯨ᪠  '[ ]',  ன ⠢ ⬥⪠; 
⮣, ⮡ ⬥ -,  ஡.

砫쭠 ⠤ ⠭

⠢  boot   ᪮ A:  १㧨 設.  㢨 
࠭ ଠ  ࠬ LILO. ᫨    ࠬ 㦭,
⮡ ⠢  ।  ன⢠,   
ᥩ. ਬ, ᫨  CD-ROM 祭  䥩 SCSI-II 
Sound Blaster  室   ஫   
뢠.   ଠ⮢ ன   אַ  ࠭
,   ᠭ  ⥩ ਢ  (). ᫨ 
䨣 襣  筮 ⠭⭠,  
<Enter>.   ᮮ饭ﬨ,  ⥬ 㦠  ᬮ
   ன⢠  ᬮ ।. ਬ, ᫨   
SCSI   㢨 ᮮ饭,

"scsi: 0 hosts",

  砥,  ⥬  ᬮ 㦨  ஫ SCSI. 
    ( ࠢ ஫  
⬥⠥):

   *  ࠢ쭮 ࠫ  ,
   *   ᨨ  ࠡ⠥ ⮬᪮ । ࠬ஢
     襣 ன.

⮬  ॠ    "⪨" ᮮ饭 筮
 -   ࠥ  ,  "" 㪠뢠 ⥬
ࠬ 㧪.

, ﭭ     ਤ. ᫥ ⮣,  
⮢ ᪮ ࠧ,  ᬮ ਭ㤨⥫쭮  ⥫
 䨣஢  ணࠬ 㧪.   ⮬ ᫥...

 ⥯, ᫨  㧪 ⥪ ᯥ譮, ⠢  ⢥ 
᪠ ᪥  ramdisk1  ⥬  ramdisk2.

஢ ⠭筮 ᪠

 ⮬ ⠯  室 㪠,  室 CD-ROM  ਡ⨢
RedHat -  쭮 設    (  㯥  NFS). 
設ᢥ 砥  㤥 짮  砥,  ᫨ 
襬   ਢ -᪮,      
設 ,    ० ⠭ १ NFS.

 ⮬  室 뢠 ᫥饥:

   *  㧮 ᪨ RedHat 室  ।⢠ প NFS;

  ᠬ   ⠭ NFS-ࢥ  設  ਢ
CD-ROM.  ⨯ 樮 ⥬  ⮬  ஫ 
ࠥ,    砥    䠩 ⥬ CD-ROM 
ᯮ㥬.

롮 䥩: ⥪⮢  X-Window

   ᮡ⥩ ਡ⨢ Red Hat -  ⠭
⥬  । X-Window.  ⮬ ணࠬ ⠭ ࠥ
- ᠬ⥫쭮 । 䨣  । 
 X-Window  ०   640*480*256. 室 ࠧ 
,   ⫨稥  MS Windows   짮⥫᪨ 
⥬ ணࠬ  X । ᯮ짮  ᮪
ࠧ襭,  ࠢ,  1024*768. ⮬ ᫨  쥧
 䨪  UNIX 㬠  襬 .

室 뢠   ࠭祭.  ⠭  । X-Window
     8  ⨢   8  
窨  ᪥ ( 16  RAM). 祬 稭 ⮨ 뤥...

२⢠ ⠭  ।   ᢥ  ᫥饬:

   * ணࠬ ⠭ ᠬ⥫쭮 ந   
     䨣 X window;
   *  ᥭ  㢨,   㦥⢥ 䥩
     Linux  㯠 "ਢ 窠";
   *  ᬮ ॣ㫨஢  ⠢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,
     ⠭   .  ⮬  ࠭  筮
     㤮 ଥ 뢮 ᪨ 㯮冷祭 ⠫
     ਡ⨢.

⠭  ⥪⮢ ०, ᫮,   來, 
, - ॡ   ᮢ  ⠭, 
-,  宦  ਢ  設⢠ 짮⥫
䥩 ணࠬ setup ਡ⨢ Slackware.

 ।饩 ᨨ Red Hat Linux

 ⮣, ⮡  㦥 ⠭  襩 設  Red Hat
Linux 2.0  2.1,  ਯ  ⥪饬 ⠫ :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

./upgrade

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(    ⠫஢ Perl  ⮩ 楫.) ᫨  ।
믮 饩 ⠫樨 ।⠥ ᬮ,  
ணࠬ த⮢  ,  :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

./upgrade-test

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

। ᪮ ਯ-䠩  모    
 ਫ.      ॢ ⥬ 
짮⥫᪨ ०  'telinit 1'. ᫥ 砭 
ᨨ ⥬   ᭮   짮⥫᪨ ० 
'telinit 3'.

।०:  /etc/password  ࠧ 㣨 䨣樮 䠩
  २, ਬ  etc/password.orig.

⠭ ਡ⨢ Linuxware

⠭ ᪮ 窨 X-Window

, ᫥ ⮣,    ⥬ ⠭, ᬮਬ, 
 ⠭ ᪠ 窠 X-Windows.

Linux ⠢  ᥬ ⥪  㬥⠫묨
।⢠,室묨  ࠧࠡ⪨ ਫ  X-Windows.  
 㦥 襭! - 㫥 ࠧࠡ⠫  xcyr  䨪樨
X-windows,  ন ࠧ  ⠡  ᪫
. ,    ⭮⥫쭮   ⮢,
   뢠,    祬 ਫ 㪨.

  ⮣, ⮡  ணࠬ஢  X-Windows,   
ࠩ  ⠭.  ⨬  ᥩ  .

० ᥣ, 室 ⠭    , 易 
X-Windows. 筮 ,   ⭮ X  XAP,     ⥪
 ᯮᮣ⥫ ।⢠,  ਬ OI.   -  㯨,
⠢  ᨬ!   뢠  ⮭,   
ᠭ.

 N1 - X-ࢥ

 ⠭  ⥬  㤥 । ⠭   ᥬ 㦥
᪮஢ ࢥ஢:

8514a - ।祭    IBM 8514a  , אַ ᪠,
ࠪ ࠪ. -,    ᨨ 
᪫⥫쭮 ।.  -,  ॠ  設 MCA ( 
ࠩ , 㣨 ਠ  ),   ন
ᠬ ⥬ Linux.

Monochrome X server - ਥ஢  ᯮ짮 VGA- 
஬ ஬.    ,  ࠤ権 મ! 
ࢥ ਧ ᥣ  梥 -   .   ⮡ࠦ 
ᨬ쭮 .

SVGA server -   , 㤥 ᯮ짮  ᥣ, 
SVGA-   襥 ࠭.  室 ⬥,
  ᥣ ஡     ⮩ Trident 8900 (㪢 ஫
 ).    Trident 9000   䥪⮢,  ன
ਢ  "믠" ࠦ  ࠭  ᠭ .
⮬  ⥫! SVGA-ࢥ ন ० 256 梥⮢
(ࠧ襭 । ﬨ   ֥  
).

VGA server - ন ⮫쪮 16 梥⮢. ।祭  ᯮ짮
 ॢ訬 ⠬ VGA-஢,  256  .
᪮ ண    ।  ᥬ묨
蠣,  ࢥ ⠪  ⠫  ஢ ᯥਬ.

ᯮ  ⮫쪮  ᠬ ࠩ 砥. ,  ,
।᪠㥬.

⠢訥  ࢥ ਥ஢  ᯮ짮  
  ᪮⥫ﬨ  Windows Accelerator. ᪮ 䥩
짮⥫  X-Windows ⠪ ஥  ᭮ אַ㣮쭨 (⠪ 
  MS Windows), ᯮ짮     ⥫쭮
먣  ந⥫쭮.

롨ࠩ  ⠭ ⮫쪮  ࢥ,   ᮮ⢥
襬 .    ᪥  ⠫ ᫠  .
஬ ⮣, 楤 ⠭ ⮬᪨ ७ந 㪠⥫
(ᨬ 裡)  ᫥ ⠭ ࢥ ( ᫥  ᯨ᪥
  ࠧ    ⫠ VGA-ࢥ).

 N2 - 䨣஢ ⥬.

᫥ ⮣,    XWindows,   㤨 㦨, 
᪮ 뢮 䨪  - ࠧ , 祬  MS Windows.  ⮡
 ⮫  १⮢,  ਤ  .
  ⮬,  ࢥ ᠬ  ᥡ ।祭  㦨 ᥬ⢠
஢,   ࠪ᪮ ࠡ   ந   ࠡ
 ⭮ ன "-".

 ன ࠧ  䠩 Xconfig,   室 
⠫ /usr/X11/lib/X11.  䠩, ਥ஢  
Trident 8900 ᮤন  ⮬  ⠫  䠩 Xconfig.Trident8900c.

筮  믮 :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

mv Xconfig.Trident8900c Xconfig

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

   ன (᫨ 筮,    Trident 8900)  ⮬
祭.  ⮬ 砥  ,   㯭 .

 ᬮਬ   砩 -   㣮 ⨯ . 
 ⮨  ⮬, ⮡ । ०,  㤥
ন X-window ,  ᠬ ,  ४ ०,
 ন  ஬, ⠪  ஬.

 砫  ᬮਬ,   ।⠢  ᥡ 䠩 Xconfig.
 ਬ ⨯筮 䠩:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

RGBPath         "/usr/X386/lib/X11/rgb"

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

FontPath        "/usr/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi/,/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Speedo/"
Keyboard
AutoRepeat 500 5
ServerNumLock
LeftAlt  Meta
RightAlt Compose
ScrollLock ModeLock
Microsoft "/dev/mouse"
BaudRate 1200
vga256
Virtual 1024 1024
  ViewPort      0 0
  Modes         "800x600" "640x480" "1024x768i"
Chipset "tvga8900c"
Displaysize     800 600
Clocks 25.30 28.32 45.00 36.00 57.30 65.10 50.40 39.90
ModeDB
# name      clock  horizontal timing     vertical timing      flags
"640x480"   25     640  672  768  800    480  490  492  525
"800x600"   36     800  840  912  1024   600  600  602  625
"1024x768i" 45     1024 1048 1224 1264   768  768  776  816   Interlace

 筥  浪.  ப,   ᠭ 䨣樨
誨,  ᪮॥ ᥣ   ਤ.  , ⠪  ன
 룫  ਥ.  ⮣,    㯠 
䫨  䨪஬!  ᠥ 誨,  ன ,
 , ⢫ ணࠬ setup,   Xconfig , 
ࠢ, ⮫쪮 㪠뢠  ⨯ -  襬,   ࠭
砥, Microsoft.

Acer,     প  樨  Linux. 
⮫   㤥.  ஡ ଠ  䨣஢
"襪"     ஥ ⥬ :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

man Xconfig

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ⨬ 稢 ⥫ ࠢ    .  , 
 ⭮, ᪠   .   䠩
䨣樨   ᥪ vga256.     ⥫쭥.

Virtual 1024 1024

 㠫 ࠧ ࠭. ᫨  ࠡ⠫  ⠬ Word for Windows
 宫  ᮢ ⨭ - ᪨ ।஬, 
⨥ 㠫쭮 ࠭  . ᫠  ࠧ襭,
஥ । ֥ .   Trident 8900
  筮  ࠧ  ࠭ ࠧ ࠭ 1024*1024.
  ᪮⥫ﬨ 室  㤠  ᨢ,  ⮬,
᫨  뢠  ⢨⥫쭮 뤠騥 १, 㬠 
७    S3    2 .

ViewPort 0 0

砫쭮 ᬥ饭 ࠡ祣  ⭮⥫쭮  孥 㣫
㠫쭮 ࠭. ⠢  .

Modes

 ⮩ ப    ०,  㤥
ᯮ짮  X-ࢥ. 筮, 樠 ⮫쪮   , 
 ?  ᠬ   ᯨ᪥.  ᫥ ப:

DisplaySize 800 600

砥,  X-ࢥ 樠 ( ᨬ  ⥪饣
ࠧ襭) 㥬  ࠭ 800  600.

Chipset

 ⮩ ப 㪠뢠   奬,   ண
⮢  . ᮪ ন ஢   
 ⥬ man,  㧭,      , ⠢
㬥  .

  ᫥ ப 룫廊 ⪮. ,   ,
ᮢ襭 .   ன ६ ࠬ஢
      . , ᬮ  ⭮,
  "⠩ "  ⭮⥫쭮 .  ⮣  
"१" Xconfig  ப Clocks (஢ ᫥)  
᫥ :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

X -probeonly

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

⥬ ᬮ    祭 ஥ ⠩஢
஢  뤠  ࠭ ᯨ᮪ ᥫ,     ⮬ 
浪 ७  䠩 Xconfig.  , ᫨   ᪮쪮 ப.
 ஬ ⮣,    ᨬ ய᪭  .
    ⨣ 90 MHz.  ࠪ⭮ 祭  
 祭  祭.   砫 讥 ᪮
㯫.

 ࠧ  ।।,    ।⠢ ᮡ 
㦨     ਭ  ४ "ࠤ"
.

 ᬮ ⥫?     ᮬ, 祬  
ࠦ  ᯫ,     ⥫ ࠭ ⮨ 
⮥,      - ?  祬 ࠦ 
࠭ ⮨ ⮫ ।?

,  蠫   ਠ ⢥.   । 
᢮ 襭. -, ᯮ 誮  䨧,   - 䨣
ᠦ.      ࠭,  ⮦ ࠧ ,
   ,  ஢ ࠧ⪠  
  ᮯ⠢  ஢ ࠧ⪥ .  , 
  砥 ᬥ ஢  ,  ⭮
    ࠧ⪨ 襣 . ,
祬 ࠭ ࠡ ⠭権 Sun  DEC     ਫ筮?
 ⮬,      ᬥ ஢  70 ,   ६
    30 ஢  ᥪ㭤!

 ⥬, 祬   ࠧ⪨, ⥬ ⠡쭥 "⮨"  ࠭
ࠦ    .   ⮬   㯠
⥫쭮 訩 ⮪ ,  ᫥⥫쭮 㢥稢 
⭠  ய᪠.

  ⮣ ᫥?   ! 祭  ஢ ࠧ⪨ 
࠭  ࠧ襭 ᯮᮡ:

) ᨬ쭮  ᯮ짮 ⥩   ।;

) 蠥 ⠡쭮 ࠦ  ࠭.

  X-windows ।⠢  㭨   ⨬樨
஥  ।.   ⮣  ॡ ந
ࠬ ०.

 ᪠ , 祬 ᤥ. 砫 室 ஡  ०
쭮 ᮯ⨢.     ⠫
/usr/X11/lib/X11/etc.  ० ᥣ -  䠩 modeDB.txt.  ᬮ 
ᮤন  :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

cat modeDB.txt | less

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

( 稭. cat -  䠩  室 ⮪,  less 墠뢥
室 ⮪, ਧ    ᬮ  ᮤন,
    ணࠬ README).

 䠩 ।⠢ ᮡ  , ⠢ ⥫ﬨ Linux 
ᥣ ,  ⮨  ᥩ ᫥饣 :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Monitor:              Seiko CM 1440

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# Contributor:          Jeff Jennings [jennings@stortek.com]
# Last Edit Date:       12/9/91
#
# name         clock  horizontal timing     vertical timing      flags
 "1024x768i"    45    1024 1064 1224 1264    768  777  785  817  Interlace
 "1152x900i"    45    1152 1184 1288 1360    900  898  929  939  Interlace

  ⮨  ⮬, ⮡  ᮤন ப ᠭ ०
 䠩 Xconfig     ⠡ 祭.    
ࠧ  - ⨯  ࠥ 祭  ஫!

 ,  ⮨  譥 ᠬ⥫쭮. ﭨ 
⠡ 4,  ன ᫥ 騥 ०,  ন 
 .   , ன , ⠢塞  
訬.   ਠ. ᫨   ,    
  Multisync, ন騩   ஢  筮
ࠧ⪨   .  ᫨   ਮ⥭ 
"த",    㯭묨 ⮫쪮 ᪮쪮 ०  
 ਤ 롨.  ᯨ᮪ ஥ ० ( ࠧ⪨
 ன ⠩஢  ਧ⠫쭮  ⨪쭮 ࠧ⮪  ᬮ
  䠩 /usr/X11/lib/X11/etc/README.Config.  ᫨    
 ⨬樥 ,      䠩
Videomodes.doc,  ⮬  ⠫. ஬ ⮣,  ଠ 
ᬮ    ⠫ /usr/doc/faq/howto.  ᬮ 䠩  
ᯠ   ᯮ짮  :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

zcat < 䠩 > | less

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

( zcat ⢫ ஢ ᦠ⮣ 室 䠩 

ன⢮ ⠭⭮ 뢮  ⮬᪨ ᯠ).

 4. ⠭ ०

 
              
              ஢
                         ஭
                         ப
                                     ⭠
                                     
                                                 १筠
                                                 ࠧ⪠?
                                                               প
                                                               VESA?
 640x480
              60Hz
                         31.5k
                                     25.175M
                                                 
                                                               
 640x480
              60Hz
                         31.5k
                                     25.175M
                                                 
                                                               
 640x480
              63Hz
                         32.8k
                                     28.322M
                                                 
                                                               
 640x480
              70Hz
                         36.5k
                                     31.5M
                                                 
                                                               
 640x480
              72Hz
                         37.9k
                                     31.5M
                                                 
                                                               
 800x600
              56Hz
                         35.1k
                                     36.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 800x600
              56Hz
                         35.4k
                                     36.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 800x600
              60Hz
                         37.9k
                                     40.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 800x600
              60Hz
                         37.9k
                                     40.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 800x600
              72Hz
                         48.0k
                                     50.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1024x768i
              43.5Hz
                         35.5k
                                     44.9M
                                                 
                                                               
 1024x768
              60Hz
                         48.4k
                                     65.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1024x768
              60Hz
                         48.4k
                                     62.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1024x768
              70Hz
                         56.5k
                                     75.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1024x768
              70Hz
                         56.25k
                                     72.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1024x768
              76Hz
                         62.5k
                                     85.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1280x1024i
              44Hz
                         51kHz
                                     80.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1280x1024i
              44Hz
                         47.6k
                                     75.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1280x1024
              59Hz
                         63.6k
                                     110.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1280x1024
              61Hz
                         64.24k
                                     110.0M
                                                 
                                                               
 1280x1024
              74Hz
                         78.85k
                                     135.0M
                                                 
                                                               

 N3 -  X-windows.

 ᠬ ६ ஡,  稫.  ᪠ Xwindow
室    openwin  startx. ।   
 ࠭.   誨.  ⥯ . ।  
, ஥, ,   ।஢  ᢮ ᬮ७.
祬,   ⥬ , ஥    MS Windows  㬮砭
ᮤন  Close, Restore, Kill  ⠪ .

    ᫥ X-window, ⠪ ,   ᢮ ६
㯠  MS Windows. ,   !

 N4   ᫥ - 䨪.

  㦥 㪠뢠 , ஡ 䨪樨 X-Windows 襭 -
㫥.    ஭ 뫮   ⮬ ९뢠 
   xcyr.  ,   ᠭ  ᪮ 몥.

  ᫮   .   - 䨪 Linux  ⥪⮢
०.  , ⮡ ⠢ Linux  -᪨  ॡ
㧨 -᪫   ਫ   ணࠬ
Setup (Remap your keyboard),  ⥬ 믮 ᫥ ᫥⥫쭮
 (  ନ  ਯ-䠩):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

loadkeys /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/russian.map

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

mapscrn koi2alt
setfont Cyr_a8x16
printf "\033(K"
echo   祭 ਫ  ࠢ <Alt>

⬥⨬,  稭  ᨨ 1.2.13  ⠢ ਡ⨢ Slackware
祭  ᪮ cyr1,  ᮤন  室 
䨪樨 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 - ࠭ , ᪫
,   ᪫  X-Window,  Postscript  ਭ
 ਯ-䠩, ⢫騥 ४ ⠭ ⮢  ⥬.

㧪  ࠧ㧪 樮 ⥬

᫥ ⮣,  ⠭  ⥬,  뫮  ᮧ 
 ।  짮⥫.  ⮣ 室  ⠫쭮
  堭 㧪  ࠧ㧪 樮 ⥬, 
⠪ ࠧ  ⮬,  ࠧ ⢫ ॣ
짮⥫  ⥬.

騩 ਠ, । ᥣ 祣,      Linux
Documentation Project - System Administration Guide.  ᮦ, 
 ⠢ Linux    砥,   ਤ ᪠  
Internet ᠬ⥫쭮.

 㧪 ⥬

४ 饬   ֥  மࠧ UNIX-⥬ 
 㧨 Linux   ⪮ ᪠, ⠪   ᪥. 祬 
᫥ 砥     1    ⥬,  
ਪ ணࠬ  ⨫. ⠫  -   -1840 
-2!

 祭 設  BIOS 믮 ࠧ ,  
業 ⥯ ࠢ  ।, ᫥ 祣 稭
ᮡ⢥ 㧪 ⥬.   ⭮   ᨪ, 砫
筮 訢 ਢ   ᪮,  ⥬ . 
 砥, BIOS 㦠  ண ।   砫
稪 (ᮡ⢥ ⮬  ᥪ 뢠 㧮).   
砥 ⪮ ᪠ -  㧮 ᥪ (Master Boot Record -
MBR).

砫 稪 ।⠢ ᮡ  ணࠬ (֥  512
),  易 ன 室 㧪  ᪠ 樮 ⥬ 
 .  ᨬ  ⨯ ⥫, 砫쭠 㧪 룫廊
-ࠧ.

  . ⢫ ᥪ୮ 뢠 
䨪஢  ⨢  512  , ᮤঠ ࠧ 
樮 ⥬.  楫 饭  㧪, ᪥  ஬
Linux  ᮤন  䠩 ⥬,   ଠ 
࠭ ᥪ  ᥪ஬.

.   ࠤ쭮.   MBR 
ᮤন ⠡ ࠧ (partition table), , , 室 
⮬  ᥪ,  ᪠ ⨢ ࠧ,  ண ࠧ襭
㧪. ᫥ ⮣  ࠭ ࠧ 뢠  㧮
ᥪ (     ࠧ -  !), ஬
। ࠢ.     :   ᥪ
㧪 ࠧ 㦠  ⨢  ࠧ ⥬  । 
ࠢ.

  㦥  ਠ. ,  ࠢ, 㯮 ᮧ
ᯥ樠 ࠧ  ࠭  ⮫쪮  ⥬ (, 
 䠩 ⥬ 稪  ).   室 -
ᯮ짮 LILO (Linux Loader),  , ᪮॥ ᥣ, 㦥
ᯮ짮.

  㤥 ᥩ 뢠 LILO,   ⬥⨬,   稪 
࠭祭 祭 䫠 㧪   㧨  ⥬ (
易⥫쭮 Linux),  ᫠ 㪠  ᯨ᪥.

筮 ,   㣨 稪.  ᪮ LILO 뫠 ᠭ
ᯥ樠쭮  Linux,    쬠 ਬ⥫ ᮡ⥩, 
ਬ,  । 㬥⮢   ⠯ 㧪, 
  ⠭ 鸞 ࠬ஢ ⥬ " ".

 , LILO  ᢮ࠧ ⠭⮬  ୠ⨢
稪, ⠪  bootlin  bootactv ⥯   室
 諮.

᫥ ⮣,   ⥬ 㦥  ,  㧪 室
  ⠤.   ந室 ᫥ ⮣,  ࠢ 㤥
। ࠧ 樮 ⥬:

᫨  ⠭ ᦠ⮥ ,  室 ᯠ. , ⮬
ࢮ,     ࠭,  ᮮ饭 ணࠬ ᯠ:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Uncompressing Linux.....

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

॥ ᥣ,   ᭠饭 SVGA-஬.  ⮬ 砥, 
ᨬ  䨣樨  ⥬,    ।⠢
 ⠭   ⠭ ० ,
ਬ 100 ᨬ  40 ப. 祬  ?   ⮬,  
  ନ  ࠧ襭 80*25. ,  ⢮ ᨬ 
ப  ᢮   80- 䮪,   ࠭
,  뫨   132-"" ! ⮬   
ந ᢮ ⥬ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,
⠭  ࠡ   ନ, ४⭮ 믮﫮 
襩 設.

⥬ Linux ஢ ⠢  ।, 祭  設
(  ᪨, , ⥢   㪮 ) 
䨣   . 祬  䨣஢
⮡ࠦ  ࠭,  ⠪ 뢠    㦥 䠩. 
 /bin/dmesg   ᬮ  ᮮ饭  ६
㧪.  뢠 㤮   ,     
樠樨 頥 ᮮ饭  訡, ஥   ᯥ
ᬮ.

, ਬ,  뢮  ࠭  㧪  ⥬:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Console: colour EGA+ 80x25, 8 virtual consoles

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Serial driver version 3.99a with no serial options enabled
tty00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16450
tty01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16450
tty02 at 0x03e8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
lp_init: lp1 exists, using polling driver
snd2 <SoundBlaster Pro 4.5> at 0x220 irq 10 drq 1
snd6 <SoundBlaster 16 4.5> at 0x220 irq 10 drq 5
snd7 <SoundBlaster MPU-401> at 0x330 irq 10 drq 0
snd1 <Yamaha OPL-3 FM> at 0x388 irq 0 drq 0
Sony I/F CDROM : SONY     CD-ROM CDU33A    Rev 1.0d with tray load mechanism
using 16384 byte buffer, capable of audio playback
Calibrating delay loop.. ok - 7.98 BogoMips
Memory: 6992k/8192k available (532k kernel code, 384k reserved, 284k data)
Floppy drive(s): fd0 is unknown type 0, fd1 is 1.44M
Swansea University Computer Society Net2Debugged [1.30]
IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP
PPP: version 0.1.2 (4 channels)
TCP compression code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
PPP line discipline registered.
SLIP: version 0.7.5 (4 channels)
CSLIP: code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
Linux version 1.0.8 (root@mntr) #3 Sun Nov 13 21:19:51 boot ibcs init 1994
Partition check:
hda: hda1 hda2
hdb: hdb1 < hdb5 > hdb2 hdb3 hdb4
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.

! Linux  㧪  ஢ ࠢ쭮 ⠭ ஥
ࠩ஢.  ⭮, Sound Blaster ஥  IRQ7,  -
ᣥ஢  IRQ10 ࠩ ⠪  頥   !   
ᮮ饭  ⨯ 奬 㭨樮  ᮢ 
.   窠   ᭥ ⮣ 䠪, 祬 
⥫ Zyxel  ࠡ⠥  ᪮ﬨ  9600.

 , ᫥ ⮣,  䨣஢ ⥬ 祭, Linux
४砥   饭 ०. ! ⪨ 稫,  宦,
᭠  ⮦. 筮, ४祭 ந室  ᬥ⮢ 
ࠬ,    ᪠ ⥬  祭  ⠯!

  ⥯ 㯠  䠩 ⥬.  ⠥ ᬮ஢
root filesystem (ᬮ ᫥   ⮪ 㧪). 窠
஢ ⥬ ⠭  rdev).

 㥬 ⥬ । ⮬᪨,  ⮫쪮, ⮡ 
ন ஬.   ,  ᫨ ᬮ஢ 䠩 ⥬
 㤠, Linux 㤠   (⠪  뢠 - panic mode) 
"ᬥ 訢 設".

⥬   䮭  /etc/init (PID=1),  뢠
䨣樮 䠩 /etc/inittab, ࠡ뢠 ,  ⥬ ᪠
ਯ-䠩 窨 /etc/rc.  ਯ ᪠  䮭 
(  ),  易   㦨 ਩
ன, । ᮢ    祩 ⨭. , 
ᨬ  ० ᪠ ⥬ 뢠 ࠧ ਠ
ਯ-䠩 /etc/rc.

,  稬, ᮢᥬ  ⮩    ⮨ ᬮ
஡.  ࠣ ⨯ 䠩 /etc/inittab:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# ⮬᪨  (஢ 5).

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

id:5:initdefault:
# 樠 ⥬  㧪
si:S:sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.S
#  짮⥫᪮ ०
su:S:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.K
# 樠 짮⥫᪮ ०
rc:123456:wait:/etc/rc.d/rc.M
#      楢
ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -rf now
#   ⪠  ⠭ (ࠧ㧪 ⥬ 
# 짮⥫᪮ ०)
pf::powerfail:/sbin/shutdown -f +5 "THE POWER IS FAILING"
# ⪠ ࠧ㧪 ⥬, ᫨ ⠭ ⠭
pg:0123456:powerokwait:/sbin/shutdown -c "THE POWER IS BACK"
# ᫨ ⠭ ⠭  짮⥫᪮ ० -
#  짮⥫᪨ ० (  ஢ 5)
ps:S:powerokwait:/sbin/init 5

ଠ ᥩ  䠩 /etc/inittab   , ⨢ 
⥬ ᪠ man,        ᫥饥:

  ⥬ ᪠ 䨣樮 䠩 rc.S (⥬
ன). ⥬ 樠 짮⥫᪨ ० - rc.K. 
⮬ ⢫ ஢ઠ 楫⭮ 䠩 ⥬, 
஢, , ᫨ 訡 , 樠 짮⥫᪨
० (rc.M).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

# /etc/rc/rc.S

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

#
# ⥬ ன, 믮塞  㧪 ⥬
#  ன 짮⥫  ⢫  rc.local
PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
# ࠧ蠥 ᢮
#/sbin/swapon -a  #   ࠧ 窨
swapon /dev/hdb2  # ⮫쪮  ⭮
# ஢塞,  ᬮ஢  ୥ ⥬  read-only
READWRITE=no
if echo -n >> "Testing filesystem status"; then
rm -f "Testing filesystem status"
READWRITE=yes
fi
# ஢塞 楫⭮  䠩 ⥬
if [ ! $READWRITE = yes ]; then
/sbin/fsck -A -a
#  砥 訡 室  짮⥫᪨ ०
#  ᮮ饭 -᪨, ᪮ 䨪  
# 㦥
if [ $? -gt 0 ] ; then
echo
echo
echo "**************************************"
echo "fsck returned error code - REBOOT NOW!"
echo "**************************************"
echo
echo
/bin/login
fi
# ४祭 䠩 ⥬  ० read-write
echo "Remounting root device with read-write enabled."
/sbin/mount -w -n -o remount /
else
#
#  祭  ⥬ 室  ० read-write, 
#   ஢ 楫⭮ ⥬. 뤠 ४樨
#  ࠭ ⮣ 䥪
#
cat << EOF
*** Root partition has already been mounted read-write. Cannot check!
For filesystem checking to work properly, your system must initially mount
the root partition as read only. Please modify your kernel with 'rdev' so that
it does this. If you're booting with LILO, type:
rdev -R /vmlinuz 1
(^^^^^^^^  ... or whatever your kernel name is.)
If you boot from a kernel on a floppy disk, put it in the drive and type:
rdev -R /dev/fd0 1
This will fix the problem *AND* eliminate this annoying message. :^)
EOF
sleep 10
fi

# 㤠塞 ஢ 䠩,  ᮧ 㦥묨 ணࠬ
/bin/rm -f /etc/mtab* /etc/nologin /etc/utmp
#  ᮧ  ᨨ.
cat /dev/null >> /etc/utmp
# 㥬 䠩 ⥬, ਢ  /etc/fstab
#  ᪫祭 NFS, ᪮ TCP/IP   ⠭
/sbin/mount -avt nonfs
# ன ⥬ ᮢ
if [ -x /sbin/clock ]; then
/sbin/clock -s
fi
# ⠭ ᮤন 䠩 /etc/issue  /etc/motd
#   ⥪⮢ 䠩, ᮤঠ騥 ⥪騥   
# ⥬ (/etc/issue)  ⠪ 뢠 " " (/etc/motd)
#
#      ਢ  ப 
# ᮡ⢥ ਠ. ਬ, 롮 砩 ப  ⥪⮢
# 䠩, ᮤঠ饣 ᫮  ન.
echo > /etc/issue echo Welcome to Linux `/bin/uname -a |
/bin/cut -d\  -f3`. >> /etc/issue echo >> /etc/issue
echo "`/bin/uname -a | /bin/cut -d\  -f1,3`. (Posix)." > /etc/motd
# ன 㭨樮 ⮢
#  ,  ப 맮 ਯ ன
# 㭨樮 ⮢  㬮砭  ਥ.   ⮬,
#  쭮  㧪 뢠   ,  ࠬ
# ன  ᮮ⢥ ॠ쭮 䨣樨 . ⮬
# ४ 砫 ⫠  ਯ   ⥬
# 樠஢   㧪.
#/bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.serial
# 樠㥬 ࢥ  
named
#  䠩 rc.S

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

#! /bin/sh

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

#
# 䨣஢ ⥬  ࠡ  짮⥫᪮ ०
# 頥 짮⥫  室  짮⥫᪨ ०
echo "Going multiuser..."
#   update  䮭 ०
/sbin/update &
# ⠭ ६ প 몫祭  ( )
/bin/setterm -blank 15
# 樠 ⥢ প
if [ -x /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 ];
then
        /bin/hostname vvv           #  
        /bin/domainname rinet.ru    #  
/bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1  #  䨣樮 ਯ⮢
/bin/sh /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2
else
/sbin/hostname_notcp vvv    # ᫨ TCP/IP  ⠭
/bin/domainname rinet.ru
echo
echo "Since you don't have TCP/IP installed, syslogd will complain when it first"
echo "starts. The warning can be ignored."
echo
/usr/sbin/syslogd
/usr/sbin/klogd
/usr/sbin/lpd
/usr/sbin/crond
fi
# 㤠 ॢ ஢ 䠩
/bin/rm -f /usr/spool/locks/* /usr/spool/uucp/LCK..* /tmp/.X*lock 1> /dev/null 2> /dev/null
# ⪫祭  ⥢ 
if [ -r /tmp/hunt -o -r /tmp/hunt.stats ]; then
echo "Removing your stale hunt sockets from /tmp..."
/bin/rm -f /tmp/hunt*
fi
#   痢 ᪨ ⥪
/sbin/ldconfig
#  ,  쭮 楤 ன
/etc/rc.d/rc.local
#  䠩 rc.M

஬ ⮣, inittab ᮤন  樠樨 㠫 ᮫ 
㭨樮 ⮢,     Linux-⥬
㤠 ନ  㣨 host-設.   ⮬   ୥
⤥쭮.

 ⭮,   ॡ    ன -
᢮  (ਬ, 㧨 ਫ᪨  
᪫ ) -   㯮訥  䠩!  ⮣
 ᯥ樠 ਯ-䠩 - rc.local.  ᫨  ࠡ뢠
⥬ ஬,    짮⥫ ॡ  
- ᪮ ன,   ⮨   rc.local -
筮  室   ⮢ 䠩 窨 
짮⥫᪮ ⠫.

 , ᨫ   UNIX-⥬ ᭮  㧪 ᯥ樠樨
  樠樮 䠩. ⮬    ०
᪠ ⮫쪮  ,  ⢨⥫쭮 㦭  ࠡ.

㧪 樮 ⥬

  ᬮਬ,  ࠧ ⥪   -
ࠧ㧪 樮 ⥬.  筮  ,  몫
UNIX-設 ࠧ ᫮, 祬  .  ᮮ⢥騩
㠫   ᮡ  砩 ⠫.  ⨢ 砥 
   䠩  ࠧ  ⥬  楫.

  ⮬,   楫 襭 ந⥫쭮 ⥬ Linux ࠡ⠥
 ᪮ १ -⥬,   믮 䨧   
   짮⥫,  ࠢ ᮡ⢥ ᯥ஬,
᭮騬   १ । ࢠ ६ (筮, ᫨
  㤥 ௠, ᭮  㤥 ⢫ , 
⠪  뢠 쭮 ।).  १ ⥫쭮 ᮪
 ६  㦨 ᮢ  ,   ⮬ 
᭮     몫祭 ⥬ -  
-  ⠢  ࠭   !

     ! Linux -  筠 ⥬, ᫥⥫쭮 ஬
짮⥫᪨    ⨢ ࠡ⠥ ᪮쪮 䮭 ,
 ⠪  ⨢ ⢮  䠩 ⥬,
㭨樮묨 ⠬, ⥢묨 ⠬  騬 ன⢠.
᫨  ⮬ 室    ᪮쪨 짮⥫ﬨ,
       ⮩    (ਬ,
MetalBase 5.0) - १  몫祭 ⠭   ࠢ
⮫쪮  뢮 ⮬  ਪ୮ ⠡!

 ⮬  室 ⭮  ⢥ ࣠ 
ࠧ㧪 樮 ⥬.  ⮩ 楫  Linux ।ᬮ७
ᯥ樠쭠 ணࠬ /bin/shutdown.  ᬮਬ,  
ᯮ짮?

० ᥣ ⬥⨬,  맮 ⮩ ணࠬ ⢫  
譮 樨 "  楢"-Ctrl-Alt-Del. ⮬ 
 ਠ ।祭    ᯮ짮,   
㡮   ࠧ㧪  ࠧࠡ⪨ ᮡ⢥ 堭.

᫨   ⢥ 짮⥫ ⥬,   㧪
⥬   ( 类 砥,  窨 ७ ⥮ਨ) ⠭ 
⥪騥 ணࠬ,  㠫 짮⥫᪨ ᮫,
ॣ஢  ⥬  root ( ᫨  㦥 ࠡ⠥  root, 
  ⭮⥩ ३  ⠫ /root ),  ⥬ 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

shutdown -q now

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

,  now   㪠 ࢠ ६ ( ) १
 ⥬ ⢨ ⥫ ࠧ㧪. 室 ⬥,
  ࢮ砫  ⥬ (᪨ Release 2  Release 3) 
 shutdown ᮤন 訡,  १ ன ⠩  ࠡ⠥ 
ࠧ㧪 ⢫    砥, 祬, ᫨ 
 UNIX-設  म ⢥, প   
.   ᫨  ந ࢥ  짮⥫ ⥬
- ᯮ ᪠ Release 4   ,    訡
ࠢ.

 ,  짮⥫᪮ ⥬ 뤠  shutdown
筮 ᮯ஢ ⪨ ᮮ饭  稭,  ன 蠥
ࠡ  ⥬. 祬,     , ᫨   ᫨誮
㢠 ᢮ 짮⥫.   殢, १ । ஬⪨
६, shutdown  ࠢ 㤥 ਧ஢ 짮⥫ ᮮ饭ﬨ
⨯ : " 뢠 ⠫ 8 ".

  ⭮ 樨  믮  shutdown? ⢥ 
  ࠭  䠩 /etc/shutdown.rc.   砥, 
ᨬ   ⮣ ਯ-䠩  砫 ࠧ㧪 ⥬
  䠩 ⥬ (஬ root)  ⠢訥 " "
짮⥫᪨  ⭮ "㡨" (⮬  ४
室  ࠧ㧪 ⥬!). ᫥ ⮣,   樨
஢ ᯥ譮 襭,  ᮫ 뤠 ᮮ⢥饥
ᮮ饭.  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣      Reset 
몫⥫ ⠭.

᫨    ॣ㧨 ,   ᯮ짮 
reboot,  筠  shutdown,   ⠭ ⥬
᫥ 襭 ࠧ㧪,  ⮬᪨ 稭 १㧪
樮 ⥬.

,    ᪮࡭, ⥬   ४⭮ ࠧ㦠.
ਬ,  ⮬ 砥, ᫨ ⥬  (panic mode)  諠 
ࠧ.   ⤠ ᥡ ,   ⨥  
ਢ  ।᪠㥬  ࠢ ᫥⢨,  ⮬ 
   宭쪮    Reset.  类 砥,  
⠥ ,  ணࠬ fsck  ୮ 㧪 ࠢ (
⠥  ᤥ) 訡  ᪥. ᫨  ० 
 쥧묨 ( SAG  ⨬ ࠧ㬥 ᪮쪮 㤠஢ ⮯஬
 ),    ᯮ짮  update  ⮣, ⮡
᭥ ᮤন ஢  ,  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣ 몫 ⠭.

।  ⥬ ணࠬ⮢  ୮  ᫮
, 饥    sync,  묨 ᫥ 
 ᢥ⮤ 㯠  ,   ᫥ ⮣ ⠥
⥫ 몫 ⠭ 設. ᫨      
 ⨢ ணࠬ,   , -, 
⥭  shutdown. , ᪮   ࠧ஢ 䠩
⥬,  䫠 clean filesystem   ࠭ ⥬
ext2fs (ᬮ [1]) 襭  㤥,  ਢ  쭮 砭
fsck  ୮ ᪥ ணࠬ.

⮬ 짮 묨 "ﬨ"  ⮨.

   ६  ⮨ 쭮 堨   . ⮤ 
sync-  ᢮ 砫   ६,  ᮫ ᢥ⨫ ,  設
ࠡ⠫  ⠪ . ⮬ ஬⮪  믮ﬨ 
ࠧ쭮     , ⮡ ᯥ 믮
 樨 /뢮  ᪮.

  䮭 

㧪   䮭 ணࠬ ⢫ 筮   ⠯
㧪 ⥬.   ⮣, ⮡ ⠫쭮 ࠧ  ந室
 室,  襩  ।⠢,    ᥡ
।⠢.

 ( ᪮ demon  daemon-  ࠭ਯ樨!)
।⠢ ᮡ ணࠬ 믮  䮭 ०, ⭮ 
짮⥫   樮 ⥬   ᯥ樠
ࢨᮬ. ந宦    祣 饣  㦠ᠬ
஭   ன DOOM,  ।⠢ ᮡ ஭  "Disk
And Execution MONitor". ᭮ ,   ᭮ , ⮨
 ⮬,   ணࠬ  뢠 짮⥫   ଥ, 
ᯮ    - । ᮡ. 樠
樨 ᮡ    ॢ,    ⨢ 
 ॣ   (  ணࠬ  뤠 ⠭
 믮 ⮩   樨 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨  ।
ଠ ᮮ⢥饬 ). ࠪ ਬ - ࠡ 
ਭ஬,  ஬ ணࠬ LPR ।   ࠢ
 LPD.  ⠭   ।   LPR  
 稥    ,  ⮫쪮 頥 ⠥
䠩  ⠫ 㫨.

祬,   ࠡ稪 ᮡ⨩ 쭮  ᯮ  
ਪ ணࠬ - ਬ,  ਫ ⢥ ⥫.
, ணࠬ 㦨    ᯮ짮  
ॠ樨 設 뢮.       ଠ樨
⨢ ࠧ  ( , । ᮤন
ଠ樨),  ॢਢ 室 ⮪   ᮧ 
ࠢ, ஥  ᢮ ।  ஡㤨   㣨  
⠪ .  १    믮  䮭
०,  ᭮ ணࠬ   ६  த 믮 ᢮
 .

 㦥 㯮   ,  ஬  UNIX-ணࠬ 
⭮  ⥭.  /etc/update - ணࠬ 믮
ᨭ஭ ᪮ (⥬ 맮 sync)  ਤ ᥪ㭤.

  㣨  ,    㦨  
 ps -ax (  ,  ⮬ ᫥  ,  饭
㣨 짮⥫ﬨ).  syslogd  crond.     ⥬
ୠ,   ⥬  ࠧ  稭
ᡮ  ,  ⠪ 㦨 諥,  
 襩 ⥬,  ன...... 祬, ⮡ ᭨   ᥣ
 ᯮ짮 - ⥬ .

⬥ ⭮,  man  ᥣ ࠧ  室 㦭 ଠ.
易   ⥬,    ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ࠭.  ⮬
 ࢮ ࠭ ࠧ頥 ᠭ ,  ன - ⥬
맮,   쬮 - 䨣樮 䠩. ⮬,   㪠
ணࠬ,   ࠭  뢠    ⥬.
   ᤥ -   㧭, ᯮ짮  man man -
 ᪠   man.

,  ࠢ,  ࠧ  ᫥ 砭 㧪 ⥬ 
 㦤  ⢨ ⨢ 짮⥫. ⮬  
࣠ ࠡ UNIX-⥬   祫, ਬ, ᮧ
FTP-ࢥ  BBS,  ᪠  ⮬᪮ ० ( ⮬ 
 ਬ).

 ஡  稪 ⥬

LILO - Linux Loader

LOADLIN

ࠢ 㯠  ॣ  ⥬

  ⥬

᪨ ,       㠧묨 ᫮窠
(  ᫮窠,  ⠪, ਤ). 쪮 ࠧ  㦥 砫
ࠦ "  ⥬", " ..."  ⠪ .  ᠬ
 騩  騩 ࠧ㬥  ॣ樨  ⥬.

 ॣ樥    짮⥫  뤥 
 ᯮ殮 ᠭ樮஢ ⥬ ஬ 
᫨⥫ ᮢ.  ᠬ    ⥬  
᪠ (⠫), ਭ ன⢠  ⠪ .  
믮   ணࠬ ᥬ⢠ getty:

uugetty - ⠭⭠ ணࠬ ॣ樨  ᮫ (㠫쭮 );

uugetty_ps - ணࠬ,  ॣ஢, 稢 
᫥⥫쭮  १ -  (    )
--;

mgetty - ணࠬ ॣ樨, ᯮ 室騥 䠪.

   ணࠬ 뤠   ନ ᪠

login:

 ᢮ ந宦   ᫮ LOG IN (  ॢ -
"諠  쥧").  ⢥  ᪠    ᢮
䨪, , ᫨  ॡ, ஫.  砥, ᫨ 䨪
짮⥫  ஫   䠩 /etc/passwd  㤥 饭 
⥬.

᫨ ணࠬ getty 㦨 䠩 /etc/nologin (ᮢ襭 ,  
 室)  ॣ  ⥬ 㤥 饭!  
䠩 筮 ணࠬ shutdown   .  ய
쭮 ஧祭 -   ᥭ   ⥬ ᫥
襭 ࠧ㧪.  ᪥ ⥬  䠩  ⮬᪨
஢  ஡     .  ᪫祭 ⮣
,    ᮧ  䠩  ६ ࠡ.  
 ⥫!

ࠢ 㯠  䠩  ⥬ UNIX

᭮ ⨥, ।騬  ⭮襭  "ࠢ  易
짮⥫"  ਡ 䠩. ,  ਡ 䠩,
ਭ  MS-DOS ⢮  CP/M,  㤠   UNIX. ᪮쪮
㤠  ᯮ짮 "ᯮ祭 ⥫䮭"  㤨 
讬  ਧ,    , ਬ,
⢮ ᮢ.  ⮩  Microsoft  祬 न - MS-DOS 
 ।  ᥩ.   ୥  ࠢ 㯠. 筥
   (᫨  㦥 ⠭ Linux) ணࠬ ᯥ⪨
⠫ ls. 筮 ணࠬ   짮⥫ ⪮ ଠ樨,
 ᫨  ᯮ 箬 -l,   ᫥饥:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

        rw-rw-rw-     1       vovka      root       4067    Nov 5 13:12  caterpillar.tar.z

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

   ᮮ騫 ⥬? ࢠ, ⭠   ,
᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ  ࠧ  ।⠢ ᮡ ࠢ 㯠 
⮬ 䠩  ஭ ࠧ ⥣਩ 짮⥫. ⥬ (1)
뢮 ⢮ ᨭ,  묨  䠩 ⥭ ⥬.
  ᮮ頥   䠩 (vovka),   䨪
  ᮧ襣,  㯯,  ன  ਭ (root).   ⥬
  筮 -  䠩  ,   ६  ᮧ 
ᮡ⢥  䠩. ,  짮⥫ DOS    
䠪,   UNIX 窠   䠩 襭 ᢮ ⠨⢥ ८-
䠩   ᪮쪮 ७ (  . ᪮쪮 ७
ᯮ  祭 ᫥⥫쭮 権, 
࣠ ଠ, ᠭ  䠩. ,  襬 ਬ,
.tar-७ ⠭  ணࠬ 娢樨,  .z
 ணࠬ 㯠 gzip.  १  ᯠ 娢
 ॡ 砫 ᯠ 䠩   gunzip,  㦥 ⥬
ࠧ娢஢   tar.   ᫨   娢 䠩 
७ .tgz-ਤ ᯮ짮 ணࠬ tar   ஥
ᯠ騪-ਬ.।.).

 ᬮਬ,  祣 ᪫뢠  ࠢ 㯠.  ᨬ
뢠 ⨯ 䠩 ( 䠩, ⠫  䠩, 樨஢ 
ன⢮ /뢮).     ᫥  㯯  
ᨬ, । ࠢ:  䠩,  㯯   
짮⥫.     ⥣਩   ⠭ 
饭   䠩  ⥭ (r) , -  ᥭ 䨪権
 㤠 (w)   믮 䠩 (x). ᫨ ᮮ⢥ ⥣
㯠 ࠧ襭,  ⮡ࠦ 㪢, ᫨ -ᮬ. ⮬
 ࠢ 㯠  ᬮ ᥩ ⠫ 뢠 
稨  몮 祭 .

筮  㯥௮짮⥫ (⠪ , ਬ, root) ᠭ
 ࠭祭  ࠭. , ࠧ ࢥ  
 ਢ  ,  ᫥⥫쭮    뢠
⠭   ᮮ⢥騥 ࠢ 㯠   "稥
짮⥫".

  ⮩  ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  䠩, ⠫ 
ன⢠ ( - ஡   ࠭   ⠫
 ன⢠,   ⠪ 뢠묨 ᯥ樠묨 䠩
UNIX) 堭 ࠢ 㯠 ᯮ   ஫ 楫⭮
ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ⥬.   ,   ⥬
ணࠬ ⠢ ਯ-䠩, ᠭ  몥 祪 (shell). 
 ⫨  ⥪⮢ 䠩  ᯮ塞 ਯ-䠩?  
 室 ਡ x   ࠢ 㯠. ᫨  ਡ
⠭,   ᯮ 䠩   UNIX-ணࠬ, ᫨ 
...

 ⮬ 砥 室   ⮬ ᠬ.  ᮧ 
䠩   ⥪⮢ । (筮  । JOE,  
஡ ࠡ⠥  ᪨ 몮  ন ᨭ⠪ 
᭮ 몮 ணࠬ஢)   ⥪⮢ 䠩,  
 ᠬ⥫쭮 ᯮ  ணࠬ.   ࠧ 
 ⨯:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ksh myscript

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ,  ਫ筮.  ,   ࠧ ⥬
஢  䠩  ᯮ塞 (⢥, 祭 ⮣
ਡ 䠩  ⥪⠬ ⮢  ⠢    
㯠!).  ⮣   ᯮ짮  chmod. ⠪
 ᫥騩:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

chmod {a,u,g,o} {+|-} {r,w,x} < 䠩>

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ࢠ 㯯  㪠뢠  ⥣ 짮⥫ (a-, u-
䠩, g-㯯,  ன ਭ , o- 稥).  
 ⠭  ⬥ ਡ,   ⥬ 
ᨬ,    뢮 ⠫.

।,   ࠧࠡ⠫ ⥫ ਯ-䠩,  
  ᢮ ﬨ,   ⥫ , ⮡   
ᨫ 㤠 .  ᥬ 稬 짮⥫  ⨢ ࠧ蠥
 訬 ,  , , ⮡  砫  ᥪ.
 १,  㯨 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

chmod u+rwx prettysript

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

chmod g+rx prettyscript
chmod o+x prettyscript

---! -- ᪫ 襭 짮⥫, --  ᫨ ⥪⮢
।  㬮砭 ࠧ蠥   ⥭   ᥬ
짮⥫?  ਤ  ࠧ ⤥쭮   
  ਢ  ਬ  ࠪ ࠪ!

⥫,  ᥣ 뢠 ࠢ. ਢ  ᨭ⠪ chmod
ਥ஢   ⥫, 祬  饣 UNIX-,  
 ᯮ짮 ᠬ ࠧ ⥬ ᫥.   ⮬,  
UNIX  ॠ    Digital,  ன  ⫨稥 
Intel 뫠 ਭ  ⭠筠,  쬨筠 ⥬ ᫥
( ࠧ ᫠, ᠭ  ⮩ ⥬ ᫥ ᮮ⢥ 
६,  ६  ࠧ鸞,    ᥫ  墠⠥  
0  7).  ,  ࠢ 㯠   ⥣ਨ
짮⥫   ᠭ    쬨筮 ᫠. 
chmod ন  ଠ.

 ਬ,    ਢ  ன ࠢ 㯠 
  ப:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

chmod 751 prettyscript

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 砥 ᨥ ⭮ ᫮?  㥬   , 

, "ਢ  ᮮ⢥⢨".    :

u7 g5 o1

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1

r w x r w x r w x

 १,  ᯥ⪥ ⠫  稬  ⠪  ࠢ
㯠:

   * rwxr-x-x

    ᮮ⢥ 訬 . ,   
㬥樨  ⥬ 筮 뫪  ࠢ 㯠   
쬨筮 ᫥, ⮬ ⪭  । ⨯ "⠭
ࠢ 㯠   䠩 640",  ,   믮
 chmod 640 < 䠩>.

 ० ?

  ⠫ । ᠬ  -   楬
䠩, 童  ࠡ祩 㯯  "稬".  䠩,  
ᮧ   ⥪⮢ ।   १ 樨
ணࠬ  ⭮ - ᯮ  䨪 짮⥫ 
㯯. ᫨  ࠧ娢 ਡ⨢ - த,  
 ᮧ 䠩  ⠫ ⠪ 砥  䨪.  㦥
,  祬   ਢ?

襭 ୮ -  㧠.  ⨯ . 㯥௮짮⥫
(root),  ᥬ 室묨 ﬨ, ⮡ ⠭, 
᪠, BBS RoCat (Roman Catacombs- LinuxWare 1.0).  ᮢ襭
ᯮ ᮧ ॢ ⠫   . ᫥ ⮣  ᠤ
 ⥭ 㬥樨   㦠ᮬ 㦨,    ⠫ 
  । ( - ,  ᯮ짮  
mv --  DOS-᪨ 室,  ᯮ짮  ln, 
।⥫쭥),   楬 䠩   ⥬  
䨪஬ BBS  㯯 BBS.

   ᯠ 娢,   ᬮ 㧭  室
ᯮ짮  ᯥ᪮ 䨪 짮⥫  㯯!
  ?   ᪠ ⮫쪮  ᯠ ⠫  
  ⠭  ᠬ 砫?   - ࠧ
  楢 䠩  㯯?

,   ஡.  ⮣   ᯮ짮  chown,
   䨪   䠩, ⠫ 
 ॢ ⠫.   㯯  䠩  
ᯮ짮  chgrp.  UNIX  ⪥ 㯠  䠩 ᮯ⠢
䨪 짮⥫   㯯  ᮮ⢥騬 ﬨ 
ࠪ⨪ 䠩  ᤥ ᮮ⢥騥 뢮.

᫨  䨪 ᮢ-   䠩. ᫨
ᮢ ⮫쪮 䪠 㯯-  짮 ⮫쪮 ⥬
ࠢ,  ।⠢ 童 㯯.   ᫨  ᮢ  
 䨪஢- 㯭 ⮫쪮 ࠢ 㯠  "others".

㯯  짮⥫

  ࠧ६  짮⥫ﬨ  㯯. 祢, 
짮⥫- ,  ࠧ襭 짮 ⥬.  ᪮
⠪    쭮    㦭 ਣ뢠. 
⨦ ⮩ த 楫   짮⥫  
(account),  ஬ । 짮⥫᪨ 䨪-窠,
 ன 짮⥫ ⥭ ⥬,  䨪樮  
 㣨 ࠬ஢.

⬥⨬,  窠 㦭 ⥬ ⮫쪮  ⮣, ⮡   ⠫
UNIX-⥬  櫠, ᠬ  , , 㤮
ᯮ짮 ᫮ 䨪樮 .

  ࠪ⨪ ᯮ짮 ᫨⥫ 設,  
 ஥⮬ ࠡ⠥ ᪮쪮 짮⥫. ֥  ⠪
뢠 㯯. 㯯 짮⥫     (ਬ,
ࠡ   ஥⮬ ࠧ㬭 짮  ᨥ ⥪ 
⮢   孨᪮ 㬥樨  ஥).  ⢥,
  짮⥫ "᢮" 㯯 楫ᮮࠧ ᤥ 
᫠.

஬ ⮣,  ᪮쪮 ᯥ樠஢ 㯯, 
।祭  ᥢ짮⥫ (묨   㦡 
), ᯥ稢 㭪樮஢ ⥬. 筮 㯯 
짮⥫ 稭  ⭨,    姭묨
᫠,  ⥬ 㯯 室  ࢮ ⭥.

ࠢ筠 ଠ  짮⥫᪨ 㯯 筮 ࠭  䠩
/etc/group,    ଠ樮 ࠪ    
ᯮ.   ଠ  짮⥫  室 
ଠ쭮 㭪樮஢ ⥬.

஫  䨫 짮⥫

楯 ஫ ࠤ樮  ⥬ UNIX  ন 
ࠪ᪨    㦥   ⪮ . 
-஢,   짮⥫ ࠢ 㯠  ⥬ ⥬
ࠢ 䨪  ஫,  짮⥫  ⠫,
࠭騬  䠩 ஫ (筮 -- /etc/passwd).

  ASCII-䠩,    ।஢   vi 
Emacs.   設⢮ 䨣樮 䠩 UNIX, passwd ⮨ 
ᥩ,   ࠧ ﬨ.  ਬ   ᥩ:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

vovka:Xv75fs1Z521:102:0:Vladimir Vodolazkiy:/home/vovka:/bin/tcsh

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ࢮ -vovka, ᮤন 䨪 짮⥫.   ᫥
஫,  ࠭  ஢ .   ⮬,  筮 䠩
/etc/passwd   ⥭ ᥬ ⥣ 짮⥫, ᪮
  㤮 ଥ  ଠ  ⮬,    ࠡ⠥ 
⥬.  㦭  ० ᥣ   ,   ணࠬ-,
믮 ⮬ ࠡ ଠ樨.  ᨬ쭮
㤭 諥  ஫  ⢥  ஢
ᯮ ᠬ ஫. ⮬  㧪 ⥬ ⥬ 
 짮⥫ ஫  ஢, ᮢ  祭 ப
 ᮤঠ   /etc/passwd. ᫥ 祣  蠥-᪠ 짮⥫
 ⥬  .  ଠ,  ᮤন  ⠢ ,
 讬  ⭮  䨫 짮⥫  ᯮ 
㧪 ⥬,  祬  㦥 ᠫ ࠭.

᪮쪮  ᮢ⮢

 祭     묨 묨 ਥ,
   䥪⨢ ᯮ짮 ஫ ⥬
Linux-⥬.

  짮⥫?

 ⮣   믮 ᪮쪮 ⢨. -, 室
ᮧ ॣ樮   /etc/passwd.  ᥣ ᯮ짮
⨫⮩ adduser,  ⮬᪨ ନ     䠩
/etc/passwd.      믮    .
-,  ⮣, ⮡ 짮⥫    ⥬, 室,
⮡  "譨 ⠫"   㯥 ( , ⮡  
ॣ樨 ᮮ⢥騩   ᬮ஢!). ᫨  ᯮ짮
㯮  ணࠬ,    -⠫ 㤥 ᮧ
⮬᪨. ,     ⮬, ⮡  ⥬ 뫠
⠭  窠,  ன 㤥 ࠡ 짮⥫. ᫨  
㢥७,     /bin/sh- - ணࠬ   ᪥
ᥣ!

 ᮧ 㯯?

 ⮣ ।祭  groupadd.  ᫥ 뢠 ࠭, 祬
 筥 ᮧ ॣ樮  짮⥫.  ⨢
砥  ਤ   adduser  ᫮ 䨪 GID
(group ID).   ᫨ 㯯 㦥 ,     ᮮ⢥騩
  adduser      㯯, 
ன  ⭥  짮⥫.

易⥫쭮  㦭 㧨   祪?

 祬 ? ᫨  짮⥫  ࠡ ⮫쪮    ⮩ 
ਪ ணࠬ (᪮  - 魮
짮⥫᪮ ⥬) 㪠   ⮩ ணࠬ 
窨!   襭 ࠡ  ணࠬ 짮⥫ ⮬᪨
⪫  ⥬,  ஬ ⮣, 䨧᪨  ᬮ   
 ࠡ祥 ६!

  ॣ 짮⥫  ⥬,     ᯨ᪮
짮⥫?

祭 .  筮     ஫쭮 
ᨬ *.  १ ஫ 室   짮⥫ 㤥
஢ (,   ,   ஫ 짮⥫, 
⠪,   ᠬ  ᠬ ॣ஢  ⨬ ).

 ᮧ "⥢ 室"  ⥬,  ॡ騩  ஫?

 ⮣ 筮  㪠뢠  ஫  
짮⥫   adduser,   ஫, ᤥ   :
vovka::102...   ,   ⥬ 짮⥫ (root) 
  ன!

" 㪠"  "᢮ "?

筮 ,  ஫  ᯥ祭 䥪⨢ ⥬  
ᠭ樮஢ 㯠 ࠥ  ⨪ ⥬ .
㤥   ࠭, 쪮,  ᢨ९,   
짮⥫ ᢮ ⥬ ""  㣠,    設
  ᪨  ਢ 㯥௮짮⥫ -  ⮫쪮 
.     室 ᤥ   砥, ⠪   ࠩ
 ᭨  짮⥫,  祣  ⥬  ⥬
஫, ᫨   ⠥ ⨢  .

    쭮  襭 ⥬ ணࠬ ⠢ 
㯨 室 ࠧࠡ⪨ "ਬ⨢ 樨 짮⥫", 
ன 室 ,  , 祢 . ⮬
 ਢ ࠧ殢 ⮤᪮ ᮡ, 饥 "
 ⢥⢥ ⢥⢥ 짮⥫  ࠭
楫⭮ ᮡ⢥   ᫨⥫쭮   ।饭
砥 ᠭ樮஢ ஭  ⥬  묨 
।⥫᪨ 㦤ﬨ!"

1. 롮 ஫.

롮 짮⥫᪮ ஫ ࠥ ᪫⥫쭮  ஫ 
祭 ⮪ 諥, ᪮ 設⢮ ⮪
஭  ⥬  ⮩   ⥯ 易  ஬ ஫.
騪, ஭  ⥬,  ⮫쪮  㤠  ஢
 䠩,    । 㣨 짮⥫ ⥬,  
﫨 㯭 ०.

訩 ஫, ᮧ ,    ⭮ 砥  
த뢠 ⥫쭮,  ᮧ ⮣,   ࢠ  ஭,
 ଠ 襩  ( ᫥⥫쭮  筨 襣
ﭨ)  ७⮢  ஦⥫.

० ᥣ 室 㪠,   ᫥ ᯮ짮  ⢥
஫:

   * ᥢ 䨪樨 ॣ樮 䨪 (
     䨪,    ઠ쭮 ⮡ࠦ,  ய᪮ 㪢
      ᬥ ॣ  ⠪ ).  - ࠩ 
     롮 ஫   䨪!
   *  ᮡ⢥   䠬,  ᨬ  ॣ
     ᯮ㥬 ᨬ (쭮  ᥭ⨬⠫ 짮⥫
     ᯮ  ᮡ⢥ ⥩!).
   *  ⮬, ᯮ, ⥫䮭, 客   ⠪ .
   * ન   ⮬  稭   ᬥ᪨ 
      騭.
   *  㫨, த  ࠭.
   *  ᫮  ᫮ ணࠬ 䮣᪮ ஢ન UNIX, 
      ᨬ.
   *   த⮢  .
   *  ᮭ  䨫쬮, , 䨫쬮.

 , 訩 ஫ ।⠢ ᮡ ᬥ  ᪮쪨 ᫮
 砩 ᬥ ॣ ᨬ. ਬ஬ த㬠 室 
 ஫  㦨  , ।⠢ 짮⥫
᢮ ⥬ 筮 䥪⨢ ஫, ਬ MYxND34MN.
ᯮ짮   ந  ஫ ⮫쪮 蠥 
⮩稢  .

஫  ,    ࠢ  筮 ⢮. ਮ᪨
짮⥫   ஫ ( ᠬ⥫쭮,    ன
,  ᫥ 㦥᪮ ᪠ ⥬ ,  
ਭ㤨⥫쭮).   । ப 㦡 ஫, ᪠ 
- .  ஫  믮    passwd
(ᯮ짮  祢).

2.  ࠭ ஫

짮⥫ 易  ஫, ।⠢  ஬
ࠧ  ᫥ ࢮ ॣ樨  ⥬,  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᫥ 
 ᬥ  ਮ筮  -  (  
⨢稩  易ﬨ ⥬  ᫥ 
ਮ᪮ ᬥ ஫ 짮⥫ﬨ, ࠧ ⮫쪮  ⮬, 
  㯠   ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨ 짮⥫
ࠤ ⭮   ᮡ⢥ ᮢ).

짮⥫  易  ᮮ ᢮ ஫,  ᨬ 
⥫.

 ⮬ ⮨  ᪮쪮 ஡.    ᮮ ஫
.     ⥫⢠.  砨  ⥬, 
 諥 ࠢ 짮⥫ 쬠  ஭ ,
।⠢ ⥬ ஬  । ।⠢ ᢮
஫    -  ଠ.  , ⥬
  ஫   祬, ᪮ ᥩ ⮩ 㯠 
⥬ ᠬ ( ⮬ ᫥   訬)   a priori. 
⮣,   襬,   㭠த ⥫ 
ॣ஢ 易 짮⥫ ᮮ -   뫮 ᢮
஫  室  ⥬. ⮬, ⮫   ⪮
짮⥫ 易 ⠢  ⭮  ⢥⢥ 
᭮ ᫨⥫쭮 ⥬   ⥬.

 짮⥫  㡭 ਢ窨 뢠 ஫  . 
⨢ 砥 ᨮ  ஡ 㦨 㬠, , 
ࠢ, ਪ     ( ᬥ,  
ன 譨 ࠧ  ࠡ !). ᫨  짮⥫ 
室 뢠 ஫, ⥬    ⮣,
⮡   ࠭  㬠,   ।묨 窠 
㬥⠬-짮⥫,  ࠩ ,  ᮧ, 祣 ⮨
 㤭 ᫮.

   类 砥,  ⮨ 뢠   ⪥ 㬠
६  ॣ樮   ஫.  ஬ ⮣, ४
ন   ஫  ஭, ᮡ   ,
   ᫨誮 㢥७  ன.  ஬ 몥
諥  ஡  ।  ஫   楢.

3.   ⠫

 짮⥫    ⠭ ४ ࠢ
㯠  筮 ⠫   ॢ.  ᯮ짮
蠡 700, 711  755.   砥 室  ஭
    ⠫!  ⨢ 砥  ।⠢
 栬  ᮧ  㭨⮦ 䠩  襬
⠫  ᢮,   襬. ᬮ७.

 ᠬ  䠩 ४ ⠭ ࠢ - 644  600. 
⮫쪮  ।  ⮨ ᯮ짮 蠡 666, 騩 ᥬ
   뢠 ଠ   䠩.

4. ᮡ 䠩 짮⥫᪮ ⠫

ࠪ᪨   筮 ⠫  ᯥ樠 䠩, 
 稭  窨,  뢠  ࠭ - -䠩. 
䠩   CONFIG.SYS  AUTOEXEC.BAT   DOS,  
 騬  ᥩ ⥬,  ਥ஢ ⮫쪮  ⭮
짮⥫.   ࠧ  ,   ࠢ 㯠 
⠭  ᮮ⢥⢨  蠡 600.   ᯨ᮪:

.login, .logout, .cshrc, .bashrc, .kshrc, .xinitrc, .exrc, .dbxinit,

.profile, .sunview, .mwmrc, .twmrc.

 ᫨ 짮⥫   筮 䨪樨, ⮡
᪮४஢ ᮤঠ   䠩 ଠ, 室
।ਭ    ⮬, ⮡     ᪠
஭ .  ⨢ 砥 ॠ ஫  ⮬
짮⥫  ,  ᪮䨣஢ -䠩!

5. ᪠ ᭮

짮⥫   ७ॣ 묨 ࠢ 䨧᪮
᭮. ᫥ ⮣,  㤥 襭 ॣ  ⥬,
⨬ ⠢   ନ  ஫,   砥
⪮६ 窨.   砩 ࠧࠡ⠭ ᯥ樠 ணࠬ
஢ 㯠    ࠭ , ⠭ 
易  㢠騩 ᥡ . ᫨  ⮣  ᤥ, 
諥 筮 㤥 믮 ᥣ   - chmod  cp,
⮡   ਭ騥  .

6. ।⠢   ᯮ殮  

,  ⭮, ᥣ  ४⨢   . ⮬, ६
 ६  室 ।⠢ 㯠  襬 
  .   ,   ⮬ 砥  ᫥ 뢠 
 ᭮. 쭮     쭮 ᮯ⨢,
। "⭨" ஫  ⠭   ᢮ 䠩 蠡
㯠 777. 㦭     㡭 ᫥⢨   
ਢ! ⠩  ࠭  ।⠢塞 ⥩
 ࠡ祩 㯯,   ᪮஢ 室  襣
⭥ 䠩.  ⠢   ⥬  ஫.

筮, ਢ   ਫ   筮  ⮣,
⮡ ᢮  ⮭ ⥬ ஢  UNIX. 
⮣ ਠ  墠  ⮣, ⮡ ᤥ  蠣  DOS 
UNIX. ,  ࠢ, 뢠 ᠬ묨 㤭묨.   ⮫쪮 
⠭ ⥬  ॣ  ,   訬 㣠 
஬  ଠ樨,  㦥 㤥 室  襬
᪥- ⥬ man (⥪⭠ ᪠),  info (ᠭ
᭮ ⮢ ணࠬ  몮 ணࠬ஢),  ⠪
᫥ ⥪⮢ 䠩 FAQ, ᮤঠ騥 ⮤᪨ ४樨 
⠭ ࠧ筮 ਩ 㤮  㦥 ணࠬ
UNIX.

⥬ ।⢠ ᯥ祭 ᭮ ⥬

ணࠬ ᪠ 梨    - CRACK

" ஫"

npasswd -   ஫

祭 ਭ

  ਭ ᥣ ।⠢ - 䠡ਪ⮬. 
१  業  , 㩭   ਭ  祭
᫥   ᯮᮡ ᮢ ࠭ 孮
"ᮭ쭮 ". 筮, ࢠ , 樨㥬  ਭ஬
ᥣ -  MS Word. ,    , Linux
।⠢ 짮⥫  ப   ࠢ
ᠬ ਭ, 祬  ਢ몫   Windows.

ࢮ 祭 ன⢠ 

० ᥣ  室 㡥,  Linux   ਭ. 
ࠢ, ਭ 砥  ⢥ ࠫ쭮 
,  ࠧ頥    ன /뢮, 
।⢥  ਭ᪮  .  " ⥮ਨ" IBM PC
 ন   ࠫ ⮢,   Linux 
ᮮ⢥ ᨬ ன⢠ /dev/lp0 - /dev/lp3.

⮬   蠣 ⮨  ஢થ -    襩 ⥬
ᮮ⢥騥 ன⢠. ᫨ ,  ਤ ᮧ ᠬ⥫쭮.
 ⮣ ⥬,  -, ன⢠  UNIX  
ᯥ樠묨 䠩,   ᮧ   ணࠬ mknod, 
-,  ࠫ묨 ⠬ १ࢨ஢  ன -
襥 6  訥  0  3  ᮮ⢥  ன⢠.

 ᨭ⠪  mknod   ࠫ ⮢, ন
Linux ( ᪮ ਢ   ⮢ /뢮):

mknod /dev/lp0 c 6 0 (0x3BC)

mknod /dev/lp1 c 6 1 (0x378)

mknod /dev/lp2 c 6 2 (0x278)

mknod /dev/lp3 c 6 3 (0x......)

    ⮢!  ࠢ,  ⠢ IBM PC 室
  ᮬ 0x378,  ᮮ⢥  /dev/lp0,  /dev/lp1.  ᫨
  ਢ窥 㤥 ᮮ⭮ ""  DOS  "㫥" ⮬ UNIX,
 ᪠ 稭 ࠢ  ਤ 쭮 .  
 ⮩ 訡?

 ⮩  ⮨  ᯥਬ⠫쭮 ஢થ 䨣樨.
-,   ᯮ짮 ⨫⠬  DOS ⨯ sysinfo  MSD,
 -,    "  " ⥪騩
⠫, ਬ:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

ls -l > /dev/lp0

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

᫨  lp0  襩 設    ᮮ饭:

? /dev/lp0 unknown device

᫥ 祣   ஡ ᯮ짮 㣮 ன⢮. ᫨ 
  浪,   ਭ 㤥 뢥 "ᥭ" ਬ୮ ᫥饣
:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is 1 line

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

This is 2 line
This is 3 line

稭 ⮣  ⮨  ⮬,  ਥ஢  ࠡ  DOS
ਭ ॡ  襭 ப  ᨬ -  ⪨ <CR>
(0x13)  ॢ ப <LF> (0x10).   UNIX ࠤ樮 室
 ᨬ - <LF>.

  ⨬  䥪⮬    ᯮᮡ - 
⪫ ० ࠧ쭮 ࠢ <CR>  <LF> -  ⮬ 砥 ਭ
㤥 ᯮ 室    ᨬ   ३ 
 ப.  ० ন 設⢮ ᮢ६ 
ਭ஢,   楫ᮮࠧ ᯮ짮   ⮬ 砥, ᫨ 
ᯮ ⮫쪮 Linux. ᫨   室 ६  ६
  誥 DOS, 楫ᮮࠧ ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠
ணࠬ-䨫,     .  ᥩ, ᫥ ⮣,  
㡥  ࠡᯮᮡ ਭ,  ࣠㥬 প ⥬
। , 饯ਭ  UNIX.

প ਭ   Linux

⠭ ⥬  猪 ⨫  প ਭ. ᫨
,  ᠬ

ࠩ 

४஢ ஥ ਭ - tunelp

⥬ ࠢ ਭ஬

lpd

lpq

lprm

lpc

lpr - cnfylf⭠ ࠬ 

/etc/printcap - 䨣஢ ਭ

 

졠  "ᥭ"

apsfilter - ⮬᪨ ᯮ⥫ ⨯ 室 䠩

祭 ਫ᪨ ⮢ Postsript

⠭ 㪮 

祭 ਬ஢  FDD-䥩ᮬ

 ⮩   ਬ ⮫쪮  ਬ,    
ਢ   ᪮. ६  ,
ਥ஢  䥩 SCSI  ᯥ稢騥 ࠭ ᪮쪨
 ⠭  襣 ᬮ७   稭. -, 
筮 ண ,    室 ᮡ⢥ ࠩ
 UNIX-⥬.   ⮫쪮  樠஢ 䥩 SCSI  ᢮
,  ᯮ   ४஢ ⠢塞 ࠩ
 Linux.  稭 -  㯭  ࠭
 ਬ஢  FDD-䥩ᮬ,   ࠪ᪠
ॡ   DOS  Windows.  ⮬, ᬮ  , 
֥  ⨯ ਬ - 120-250   ᥣ譨  㦥
⭮ 㯠  ஢, ᯮ짮   
娢 뢠 筮 㤮  㯭 - ⮨ ਬ 
ॢ蠥 150$,     250  ⮨  ஦ 15$.

ਬ,    ࠡ  Linux-⥬

 ० 祬 㯨  㦤 ࠡ 

⠭ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 FTAPE

஢ ࠡᯮᮡ ਬ

⮢ ⭮  ਬ  ࠡ

ଠ஢

樠

  ஢ઠ ⮢ 娢

ணࠬ ᯥ祭  娢樨

tar

mt

ࠪ᪨ ਥ ࠡ  ਬ஬

࣠ ⮬᪮ 娢樨  䮭 ०

⥣ 娢樨

⠭  ࠡ  UPS

祭 䠪-

 DOS

 Windows

 SCO UNIX

⠭ ᮡ⢥ BBS

᪮ Linux  짮⥫᪮  筮 樮
⥬,   ᭮ 뢠 筮  ᮧ 
ਫ BBS, ন ६ ࠡ ࠪ᪨
࠭祭 ⢠ 짮⥫.  ⮩   ᬮਬ BBS
Roman CATacombs - ROCAT,      CD-ROM TAE Linuxware
1.0   Internet  : ......................... .

ᯠ 娢  -᪠

 짮⥫᪨ ⮢

ன 짮⥫᪨ ࠭

祭 ⮪ । 䠩

֥   

஫ Ethernet -  ?

TCP/IP

ண  - Windows-Linux

室  Internet

⪨ ⥢⥫  CD-ROM  Linux

॥ ᥣ ਢ  ⮩  ਠ    .
  ⭮,    ⮨    ﭭ  
᪨  묨 ﬨ ⥬. ⮬  稫   ⮫쪮  ᪨,
 "ঠ  㪠"   ᫥    ⠫쭮.
᭮ 㯮      ⥬ -   - ᥣ
 ॢ  ⥬,   ਪ , 
砫  ⠢ ࠧ ᨩ ᪮.

  ᫮,     㤠   ᪠
Trans-Ameritech Enterprises. ⮬    筥.

᪨ Trans-Ameritech Enterprises

Volume 1

   樮 ⥬ Linux  饭   ᥭ
1993 . 筮 ,    뢠 ,   
    .

 ⪮  ᮤঠ:

ARCHIVE_  DOS_WIN_ -  娢    ਪ᪨ BBS. ঠ
஬ ⢮  ⨫  㬥樨. , ਬ, 
 室 ⥪ ணࠬ ᬮ TIFF-䠩   ᠭ
ଠ, 㭨樮 ணࠬ  DOS  Windows, 室 ⥪
娢஢ LHARC  ARJ, ⥪  ᥬ, ᪮쪮 ⪮
shareware-   㣮.

BSD386 -  ⮬ ⠫ 室 ਡ⨢ ⥬ BSD386,  
७⮢ Linux. ,  ⢥ত ᯥ樠, ᮡ २ 
 ,  ᪫祭 ⮣,    ᨨ ࠭, 
᫥⥫쭮   ࠭.  类 砥,  ஡.
 ⨫  BSD386   ஡ ࠭᫨஢  Linux.

KERNELS -  ⮬ ⠫     -    ਢ
CD-ROM CDU31A   ਢ, ⠢塞  ⨬ 
Creative (Panasonnic).

LINUX - ਡ⨢ ⥬. ন  ⠫: PACKAGES,  ஬
室 ࠧ "᪥⭮" SLS-⠢ ⥬  SOURCES,  ஬
  娢  室묨 ⥪⠬ ᪮쪨 ⨫ UNIX. । ,
 稬,    ᭮,  ⭮ 㭨樮
  ।⢠ । ஭ .

LIVE102 - ⠪ 뢠 " ⥬".  ਭ樯   ⠭
   䨣 ⥬,  ⥬ ᬮ஢ ਢ
CD-ROM ,  ᮮ⢥騥    ᪠ ᪠ 
⨫ אַ  CD-ROM.

LIVE_99P - ᯮ⥫ ⠫, ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ ⠭

PICTURES - ᪮쪮 ⥭ BMP  GIF 䠩.

SLACKWAR  SLS103 -   ᨨ ਡ⨢ ࠧ ᨩ Linux.
 ,   . 롨ࠩ,   ࠢ.

SOUNDS -   ᫥  , ᮤন ஬ ⢮ WAV  ROL
䠩.

 ᮦ, ணࠬ ⠭, 室  ୥ ⠫ ᪠,
⮬᪨ ⠭ - ᪮  ⥬. 
,   ᯮ짮 ⠫ KERNELS ᬮ   (
⮦, ,   ᫮  襫).  ᯮ짮   Linux
   , ᫨ ⮫쪮    祭  
  室.   娢 DOS  Windows ।⠢
। 業  ᥣ. , ਬ, ᮤঠ 㦥
㯮襣 ⠫ TIFF:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Directory MSDOS/TIFF/

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Filename   Type Length   Date   Description
==============================================
DTIFF.ZIP     B  194039  900502  Displays TIFF files on screen, uses TACS
DVTIF1.ZIP    B   15198  900416  TIFF reader:PACKBITS compr/uncomp C src, ALDUS
TACS40.ZIP    B  116888  900425  TIFF Access/Create System - C source, TIFF 4.0
TFTOOL.ZIP    B   62503  900416  TIFF toolkit developer package C source, ALDUS
TIFF_50.ZIP   B   51127  891209  Tagged Image File Format specs, v5.0
TIFFAX.ZIP    B   41572  900416  TIFF FAX format definition/example, ALDUS

祬,     ⥫ DOS?      Linux. ⮬,
 ३  ᪠  ᫥饬 ᪥ - Linux Volume 2.

Volume 2

    ﭢ 1994   ⫨砫 ० ᥣ, ४
ᯮ ணࠬ 砫쭮 ⠭ Linux.

 ஬ ᪥  ⠪  ୠ⨢  FreeBSD, 
ࠧ饭  ⠫ BSD_USR_ ("" ⥬), FREEBSD_ (ਡ⨢ 
⠫஬)  UPDATE_B,  ஬ 室 "窠"  砫
稪 ⥬.

 ⠫쭮  饭 Linux. ஠஢  ⪨ ࢮ
᪠, 䨬ଠ TAE 稫   ⠢ ᪮쪮 砫
稪, 饭  ⠫ BOOT. ᪨, 稪 ।⠢
ᮡ  䨣 Linux, ন, ⥬   䠩
⥬ ISO9600 (CD-ROM).  ᪮ ࠧ ⨯ ਢ ࠢ
-ࠧ, 諮 ᮧ ᪮쪮 ࠧ ᪮,   
ਥ஢  ᢮ ਢ.  㧮 ᪥  ᬮ  
ணࠬ Install.  筮 ᯮ짮 ணࠬ ஦筮
஢ rawrite.exe ( 祭 ࠢ ᯮ 箬 -h).

 ᪥ 室  ਡ⨢ ࠧ ᨩ SLACKWA0  SLACKWA1.
 ,   砩.  ᮣ襭 । ࠧࠡ稪 
짮⥫ Linux ﭭ 㫨  ᨨ -    
 ࠬ.    ஬ ⠥ ⠡쭮 ᨥ 
饭묨 ( ) 訡,  ⭠ - ࠦ ᫥
⨦    (० ᥣ),    ⫠  . 
室 ⫠ ⭠  ⥯ ⠥  ᫥ () ,
⠪ ࠧ ୮ ᮮ⢮  । 蠣 ।.

 ᫨  ࢠ,     ⠫ SLACKWA1.
⮬ , 稭  ⮣ ⮬,  ᬮ 㦨 ⠬ "" -
ணࠬ,   ਡ⨢  室,    쬠
묨.  ᮤঠ ⠫ EXTRA:

BASH_BIN -   窠;

DOSEMU -  MS-DOS (    MS-DOS  PC,  
 蠥  ᪠ ࠧ ᪮쪮 . , ন 
䨪. Simcity ந,  F-19 ⠥!)

GAMES - ⥢ 짮⥫᪠ , ᨪ UNIX-⥬: MultiUser
Dungeons (MUD). ⮢,  ⥫쭠.   ନ 
᭮.   室 Internet-祬!

GRAPHICS - ᮤন ணࠬ ஥ ॠ ࠦ
⮤ ⭮ ஢ 祩   ணࠬ  ᬮ ࠧ
᪨ 䠩 - TIFF, TGA, JPEG  MPEG.

MATH - ᮤন ணࠬ Gnuplot 3.5, ।祭  㠫樨
  嬥 䨪   ᯥ⪨   ⨯
ਭ஢ (  ஢)  প SVGA-०.  
 BoeingGraph  Harvard Graphics. 祬, 짮⥫᪨
䥩 ⨯筮  Unix.

POSTGRES -  ,   客 ᫥ Ingress.
 ⠩ ,   Progress! Postgress ᮤন 
,  ਯ⮢  믮 ⤥ 権  ஢
shell-ணࠬ஢,  ⠪ ⥪  몠 .  ⠪ 
室  ࠡ 㬥.  ᮦ,  짮⥫᪠
,   ᥣ    ࠧࠡ稪.  Internet 
  䥩  ࠡ  Postgress   X-window  몠
TCL/TK.

SERIAL - 쬠 ਬ⥫ ⠫. ন   getty -
ணࠬ 㯠  ⥬  㤠 ନ,  ন
० ⭮ ,  ⠪  ⨢ ४  
।   ࠧ  ⭮.   - mgetty, 
ᯮ짮 Linux-設  ⢥ 䠪 ࢥ,  ⮬᪮
뫪 䠪ᮢ,  ⠪  ਥ  ᫥饩 ࠡ⪮ (ଠ
Postscript). ,  㦥  ணࠬ  ॢ 
  ।⢮ ࠡ뢠 !  , mgetty ।
ᯮ짮 䠪   2    US Robotics 14400
Sportster  Worldport 뢠 ᮬ⨬묨  .   USR 28800
 !

SECURITY - ᮫⭮ 室   ⥬  
UNIX-⥬.  ணࠬ  室 ஫,  ᯮ
쭮  ᪨ ,  ⠪ 塞 ᫮
 ஫. ஠஢ ᢮ 䠩 /etc/passwd  ᬮ
㦨   ஭ ᢮ 設  ⠢ ࠤ 짮⥫
ᬥ ஫.

SOUND -   ᫥  ,  ।  ࠡ  㪮.
ন   ।, ⠢塞   㪮 ⮩. 祬,
⠭ ࠩ 㪮  - ⤥ ,   ⠪
ᢥ⨬  ᯥ樠쭮 .  । ணࠬ  ⮬ ᪥  
ணࠬ ࠢ ஬,  ந뢠⥫ MIDI, WAV, MOD  AU
(㪨   Sun) 䠩,  ⠪ ணࠬ 䮭 ᨭ⥧ ,
 㬥  "稢" ⥪⮢ 䠩.  筮  ணࠬ
ந뢠 몠 -᪮.

TERMINAL - ᮤন  ணࠬ,    ⤠祩
ᯮ짮 譨 ( 㤠) ନ. ᪨,  
㤮 ⨫  ன 䠩 /etc/termcap   祭 
짮⥫.

X11 -  ⮢  X-Window.  ⮬ ᪥  : ANDREW -
쭠 ࠧࠡ⪠, ࠢ  ⠡ ࠧ   EMAX, 祬
   ⮫쪮 ⥪  ࠡ  ⨬ ⮬  
室 㬥; FTPTOOL - 窠  ࠡ  FTP  X-Window;
XFRACT - ணࠬ  ᨭ⥧ ࠪ⠫,  ᮡ 業,  
 㠫 䥪!

, , XGopher -   ࠡ  Gopher-⮪ Internet.  
  ᬮ " ⮭"  ᠬ ࠨ  ⥫㭨権.
᫨ 㬥     १  bmail for DOS,  
ଠ UNIX-設. 祬   ⮬  ਬ   ⤥쭮.

   ।饬 ᪥,   " ⥬"  ⠫ LIVE.  
   . 樠쭮    㧥  ᪥ 室
७  ﯮ饣 த (⠫ JE_0_9).    ᫮.
     ࠢ 䠩, ।祭  ⠫
READ.   㪮⢮  祭 ਭ  㪮⢮ 
祭 ⥢ ஢  ⠪   ⮬ .

 , ⠫ SRC.      ᪮쪮  饩,
祬  室묨 ⥪⠬. ⬥⨬ ⮫쪮 室 ⥪ ⥬
X-Window (Release 5),   祭  ⮫쪮 X-ࢥ,   
 ⪮ X-⮢. 쬠 ਫ  ਬ஢ ࠡ  X.

Supplement

騩  - Release 3  饭 訬 ࠦ, ᪮ 
室 㦥 뫠 ᫥  Release 4.  ᪮ 訬 ⥫
    㤠,   ᥡ  ᪠  . ! 
  Release 3   1994   Supplement, 
ᮤন   饩.

ARCHIVES - ᮤন ᪮쪮 娢 䠩  ࠧ묨 ⨫⠬, 
ᠬ  -   ਡ⨢ Andrew 6.1  ᥩ 㬥樥. 
 㦤  ⥫ ᪠  ⮬ த ⤥쭮, 
  ᪠,  㯠 娢  19 . ஬ ⮣, 
⮬ 娢   ⪨  -ᨨ  MS Windows 3.1 
। X-Window.

BOOT -     ࠧ, ᮤন ᪮쪮  ⥬,
ন ࠧ ⨯ ਢ.

DEBIAN - ண , Linux  ﭨ ᥮ 祫⢠, 
⮬  ᪮쪮 ࠧ ਡ⨢ ⥬. Debian - 
 ਠ⮢, 祬  ᠬ 訩.

DOCS -   ⮣ ⠫    稭.  ᮤন
浪 25 䠩  ४ﬨ,      ஡.
ਬ,   ਬ  ⥢ , 㤥  Linux
ࠡ    設 PCI  ⠪ .

EXTRA - ᠬ  .     ⮬ ⠫:

BOGO-1.2 - ணࠬ 業 ॠ쭮 ந⥫쭮 襣 .
   ࠤ樮 "㣠"   BogoMIPS,    
뫪  ஬ ⢥ .

EBBS - 業 BBS  Linux. ।  ⥩ ন
Zmodem (   ᥩ ࠡ⠥  㣨 ⮪)  ० IRC
(Internet Relay Chat).

EFAX - ⫨筠 ணࠬ  ࠡ  䠪ᬮ.     XWindows.
    室 ⮫쪮 Delrina WinFax Pro.

IMAGEMAG - ImageMagic, ணࠬ  ᬮ  ८ࠧ ଠ⮢
᪨ ࠦ. ন   ଠ⮢, ᯮ㥬
 PC, Macintosh  Sun.

IMAZE -   XWindows  ⥬ 㦤  ਭ.  
Wolfenstein,  ⠭  設 .  筮 設  
,  ᮦ,  ᬮ.   ᥬ 室 ᪠ 砫
ࢥ,  㦥 ⮬ ᠦ ⮢

LINUXDOC.1 -  ᮦ,     㬥樨 ( ⠪
㭠த ஥ - Linux Documentation Project - LDP).  
㬥⮢, 騩 ८ࠧ뢠 ⥪⮢ 㬥  室
䠩 ࠧ ⮪ ଠ஢, ⠪,  ਬ, groff  tex.
㦨 㯮  ⠪ ଠ  HTML  SGML.

PLAN - ஢騪  X-Window. 筮,      Lotus
Organizer,     ࠧ!  ⮬  ⠢  室 ⥪⮬

RIP - প ᯥ樠஢ ⮪ । ᪨
ࠦ. ணࠬ ।祭  ஢ BBS, 
।⠢ ⠬ ᪨ 䥩. 쭮 䥪⨢ 窠-
⥦ "㬡",  ᥬ,   ࠧ  ⮪, 
ᥣ 8 .

WINE9606 -   ᠬ  MS Windows,  ﭨ ࠧࠡ⪨  
1994 . 筮, ࠡ⠥  ⮩ ᨨ   , ᪮
ॠ ⮫쪮 30%  㭪権 API.   ᮫  㦥 !

஬ ⮣,   ᮥ  ⨢ ࠧࠡ稪 Wine,  ⥬
ᠬ  ७ 㬥  ࠧࠡ뢠 ⥬,  ⠪
  ࠪ⨪,   ⭮.

XDOS0.4A -   ᫥  ,  DOS,  ⮫쪮  X-Window.
প 樮 ⮢ ( ⠩᪨!)   XMS-.

JE -  ﯮ  Linux.  ,  ﯮ᪨
ࠦ    ᪨ ᫮  ⤥ 㪢,  
⥬  ᥡ.   ⮬ ᥪ ﯮ᪮ 㤠?

LEMACS-1.10 - Lucid GNU Enacs.   ।  ࠡ 
୮ । EMACS.     Multi-Edit, EMACS ⮨
 讣   讣 ⢠ 㭪権-७. 祬
  ,  ਬ, ணࠬ ᬮ ⥩, 㯨
 ஭ ,  室  ਢ ।⠢  㭪
⥪⮢ .  ᮦ, ᪨  EMACS   .

MIT -    ।⢠  ᪠  㫥,
ਥ஢  SCO UNIX.  ।०,  ࠡ 㤥 
 .

MOTIF - ,   ⭠ ⥪ Motif, ।祭 
ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ  । X-Window. , ᪮  ᪨
த, ࠭   ᪥  ஢ .  祭 
室 ᫨  ࠧࠡ稪, ᫥ 祣  㤥 ᮮ饭
.    鸞 ⥫, ⢥ ࠧ -  ⮣  
!

RR_MOVED -   ⪮ ࠩ஢  ࠧ ⨯ . 
窨 ७ ࠢ ᫠   ᪮஢ X-ࢥ 
ࠩ஬, ᮮ⢥騬 襬 ⨯ .  ᪮쪮 ६ 
 楤, 㤭  ।᪠.    ⠢   
(386 DX-40, 8 ),   ⮣ , ,  墠⨫. 祬, 
⠬ ணࠬ make,   ஢  ࢥ ⥯. 
⮡   ६  - ⠭ ⮬  ਮ nice.
 設 ⮬᪨ 㤥  ,   諨   
 砩.

SECURITY -  ⮬ ⠫   ᪮쪮 ⨫ 㤠 㯠
ਨ R* (rlogin, rshell  ..),  ஢  ᮡ Linux
 㦨 ࠧ ⥣ਨ 짮⥫  襭 ࠢ 㯠.

SLS, SLACKWAR 111, SLACKWAR 122 - । ᨨ ਡ⨢ ⥬.

USR, LIB - "" ⥬.

WORDS -    ᠬ  "᫮".  ⠫ 室 ᪮쪮 䠩,
ᮤঠ  㯮ॡ⥫ ᫮ ᭮ ய᪨ 몮.
祭 ⠫ 祢,  UNIX  ᪮쪮 ணࠬ
䮣᪮ ஢ન,    室  ਡ⨢ Linux.

XC - 室 ⥪ ⥬ X-Window Release 6.    ⮬,   
 設⢮ UNIX-⥬ ࠡ ⮫쪮  Release 4,  ᮢ६
X-ନ ᪠  ࢥ஬ Release 5. ,   ⪥
⨢ TAE   !

Interim Release

騬 蠣 Trans-Ameritech Enterprises   ᪠ Interim
Release  ᥭ 1994 .  ஬ , ।⢮訩
 Release 4.  ᮤঠ  ,  ᭮, ⥫
த.

⢨⥫쭮  饩   .   ! -,
 樮   Flagship. 祬 ࠡ  祭
  ᫥ ⠭ (  殢   ⠭ 
 쭨  祭 ⥬).  । Flagship ⮨
 ⮬,    䠩, ࠧࠡ⠭  Clipper  ⥬
Linux! 쭥訥 ਨ,  , 譨.

  ⮬ ᪥  MOTIF.   ࠭, ᠬ ⥪ ஢. 
 ਬ  㬥 ⠫ 㯭 ப 㡫. , 
ࠩ , ᬮ, ⮨   MOTIF  뢠.

SQL -  ⨬ ஬  室 -⠪ 樮
ᨨ ଥ SQL-ࢥ - Just Logic SQL.  
ࠧ   DOS/Windows, OS/2  Linux.  짮⥫᪠
, ,  稭 ᢮ ᮪ ⮨  ਥ樨 
"ᯫ"    롨    襬 뭪.

஬ ⮣,  ᪥    Slackware 2.0,  ।
ਡ⨢ ⥬, "" ⥬  ⠪ .  ᠥ "ᮢ",
   ⮫쪮 祭 ⠫,  ᠬ ન 室 
᫥饬 ᪥. 祬,   ⢨⥫쭮 㭨 .   
 ⠫ "⠭" ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ।祭 
ॢ饭 Linux-設   (gateway) Internet.

Release 4

  ,   1994     Release 4. 
ࠤ樨,   ⠪ ᮤন " ⥬",  ࠧ 
㧪 ⥬,   ਡ⨢ Linux  ⥬ FreeBSD. ஬
⮣,  ⤥ ⠫ 뤥 ,  ⭮  InterView -
஬  ᯥ   ⥪, ࠡ騩  । X-window.

 筮,  ᪥ 쭮  "ᮢ". -  ⠫

EXTRAS  㦨 ᫥饥:

CALC2.9 -  ᫮  .    ணࠬ 
ࠢ  ணࠬ㥬묨 ࠬ Sharp  Citizen, 
ࠡ  몥 Basic.  ⠢  室묨 ⥪⠬  ⫨筮
㬥樥.

IRSIM - 쭮 ୮ ।⢮ 樨 室 ᮢ  p- 
nMop 奬.

JAZZ-1.0 -   ⠪ த  DOS  Windows    砫. 
ணࠬ ।஢ MIDI-䠩,   ⥫
䥪, ७ ࠣ   䠩  㣮, ᬥ訢 ࠧ
筨   ⠪   ⮬ . 筮 , ন 
ࠡ  㬥⠬.

SAMBA -  쪨 ࢥ,   ࠡ  १ ࢥ
ࢥ஢ inetd, ⠪    .  த ந室
⠡ॢ SMB (Session Message Block),  ।祭 SMB-⮪ 
  ,   ᮧ ண DOS-UNIX ⥩.  १
 砥  ֥    Linux  Windows-設, 
 ⮬  ஡ ᯮ짮 饥 ᪮ ࠭⢮  ਭ.
, ᫥   쬠 .   Linux 쭮
 ।, ਥ஢  ࠡ  Postscript-䠩,  
⮣, Postscript -  ⠭  뢮 ଠ樨. ⮬ ணࠬ,
८ࠧ Postscript   ࠢ 묨  묨
ਭࠬ 墠⠥.    ᮧ ਭ-ࢥ   Linux -
⮫쪮  蠣!

FIPS.DOC, FIPS.EXE -  ஬ ணࠬ  ⠫ \extras
।祭  DOS,   ᮬ,   뫮  ⠢ 
  म ⢥.  ⢥  ᥣ譨 
ணࠬ ࠧ饣 ९஢ Partitition table  ⪮
᪥! ਨ,  , 譨.

 "" ⨬  뢠.    ⠫,   
  ਧ.   ,  \SLACKWAR\CONTRIB,  ஬
 㦨 ᫥饥:

ANDREW-D -  ⮬ Andrew  㦥 砫,  䨪 D 砥, 
ᥩ , Development.  ⮬ ⠫ 뢠 ⠪ 뢠 AUIS
- Andrew User Interface System,  ।, ।祭  ᮧ
⨬ 㬥⮢  ਫ ( Andrew  ⨬
㬥⮬  ଠ஢ ⥪  㪮 
⨭/⨪);

GCC-2.6 -   ஢ :  , ++  Objective C;

GNAT-1.82 -   ⮣    㦭   . 
業 ࠭  몠 ,  ஬   ⮫쪮 ᠫ, 
ண    .  ⥬,   ਥ஢,
-,    ਫ,  -,
।,  ணࠬ 뢠 訬  ᫮묨  祭 訬
祭 ᫮묨.    ணࠬ   窨, 
⨢.   ৠ!

LINUX-X- -   ⠪, 祢...  ⮬ ⠫ ⥫ ५ 
࠭   DOOM I for X-Window.  ,  ᫮?   
 ⠢  ஢  ᨨ DOOM II, ࠧࠡ稪 ⢥ত, 
 㤥 ࠡ. ⢥ ࠭祭 - .  80386-DX40, 8
 ணࠬ  ७    ࠡ   X-ࢥ
㪨   室.

  ⨬  ⠫ SLACKWAR.000.   㦨 
ਡ : .\CONTRIB  \EXTRA-ST. 筥  ࢮ  .

   * FREE-WID -  ⮢  X-Window;
   * GNU-COMM - Gnu Common LISP;
   * GNU-GCC- 6 -    娢 GNU C 2.6;

GNU-GNAT -   ⮦ 室 誠 .  㦥  ᨨ,
ᮮ⢥騥 ᯥ䨪 -79  -82;

GNU-GPC -   Gnu Pascal Compiler;

IRCII -  ᪠ ணࠬ  ࠡ  㦡 Internet Relay Chat.
ᮡ ணࠬ  ⮬,   ,  稨 㪮 ,
室  ⮯⠭    ᮢ 裡  ⭮;

MBASE - MetalBase 5.0  5.1.     ࠡ  १
 , 룫  ਫ筮 (ncurses), ⠪  
ணࠬ  몥 .  ᨨ ⮩    DOS,   Sun, 
 Next,  ࢮ砫쭮  ࠧࠡ뢠  Amiga 500.

MC - MouseLess Commander. 祭 ४! ⠭  ணࠬ, 
᭮ ୥     㢨  ࠭ ਢ 
Norton Commander.

SAMBA -     ࢥ SMB.

SEEJPEG - ணࠬ 㠫樨 ᪨ 䠩 JPEG, GIF, PPM  TARGA.
 ஢ ᫠-䨫.

SMAIL - SendMail 3.1.

 ஬ "᭮" ⠫ \EXTRA-ST  㦨 ᫥饥:

APPLE-II - ணࠬ 樨 Apple-II.   ணࠬ 
⢥ ࠧࠡ⪨ - "" ⠪  ࠡ  ᮡ ஡;

BSD-SEND -  SendMail, ஢  ⥬ BSD;

CPM-80-E -   Z80  樮 ⥬ CP/M. 
樨 ࠡ뢠  맮 BDOS.

DOS-EMUL - ।   MS-DOS;

GNU -  ࠧ ⨫, ࠧࠡ⠭  ࠬ ஥ GNU;

GNU-FING 37 - finger 1.37, ணࠬ  ᪠ 짮⥫  
Internet;

IBCS2-EM -   ணࠬ IBCS2,  ᪠  Linux
ணࠬ, ᪮஢  SCO Unix  SVR4. ⢥騥
᪨ ⥪    ⠢.

MMDF - Mail Delivery Agent,   ⮬⨧樨 ࠡ  ࠢ

ਥ .

Linuxware 1.0

騩  TAE ஢ ᮡ  室  窠  
Linux,  稫  ࣮ .  ᬥ "volume"  "release" 襫
LinuxWare 1.0, 饭   1995 .

० ᥣ ⬥⨬,  ⥯ ⠭ ⥬  믮  MS
Windows.  , -ਪ᪨, । ० 室. -, TAE
   ⠢ 讥 ⢮ DVI-䠩,  ।⠢
ணࠬ ⥭    䠩  Windows.    
 ᯥ 㬥  ⠭ Linux,   ᫥!

 ⠫쭮,  ᫥ ᫮訬 ࠤ    㤥 譨 ࠧ
.        ⠫ \extras:

1BBS -  BBS, । ⥫㠫 易 

ᮯ ( ᥣ  ਯ-䠩);

AUDIO - "ࠤ"  Linux ( 孮 砥  Internet 
襥 ࠭) -  ᮡ ,  ࠤ   .
⢥,   㪮 ;

   * CRACK -   ணࠬ  室 ஫.
   * DOOM - 㦥  ᨨ:  X-Window  " ";
   * DOUBLE -  Stacker  DoubleSpace;

GOPHER -  ᭮ ।⢮  ࠡ  Internet (, ⠩
᪮쪮 ࠧ  㦥 㯮 Internet?);

IBCS2 -  ,    ।騬 ন 

㫨 Wyse;

LSMTOOL -  ணࠬ, ⮬⨧ ࠧ LSM-䠩
(ᯥ䨪権 Linux-ணࠬ);

MODULES - 㤮 ।⢮ 䨣樨  ⥬  ६ 㧪 ("
");

NV - ।⢮    ଠ樥. ᫮  ணࠬ
ᯥ祭  ஢ ⥫७権;

PCMCIA - Linux 稭 "९"   notebook.  ⮬ ⠫
室  ࠩ஢   PCMCIA;

PPIC - ᬮ  ࠡ⪠ ᪨ 䠩;

ROCAT - 筮 魠 BBS, ।⠢ ᮡ ᯥ栫஢
, ਥ஢  짮⥫.  ᮮ饭 ணࠬ
뭥ᥭ  ⤥ 䨣樮 䠩,   ॠ 
⮫쪮  ᪮ ⥬,   .  ⥬
᪨ 易 짮⥫᪨ .

SVGAFFT - ᯥ஠, ࠡ騩  㪮 ⮩. ᯥ稢
 ଠ樨 १ Sound Blaster,  -८ࠧ  ᫥饥
⮡ࠦ ᯥ  VGA/SVGA-. ⠢  室묨
⥪⠬.

SVGALIB -   ⥪  ࠡ  梥⭮ 䨪 
X-Window. ,  ⠭ DOOM  㦭 ⠢   .

PV-Wave - ⥣஢ ⥬ ࠡ⪨  㠫樨 ᫥
.

TCPDUMP -   ⥬ .

Wine - । ࠡ   MS Windows.

X311 -  ਡ⨢ XFree86 (襭 ந⥫쭮, ࠢ
訡).

XGROK - ⥬ ࠢ    ᮧ ᪮
짮⥫᪮ 䥩  । X-window.

LinuxWare 2.0

LinuxWare 2.5

-᪨  Caldera

ਪ᪠ ଠ Caldera ।ਭ﫠 筮 ᯥ  ᪠
᪮ ᨨ ⥬ Linux.  १ ன ࠡ⪨
ᨨ 1.2.13  ᢥ   Caldera Desktop 1.0,  
᫥  ᪮쪮.    Caldera   ᨩ᪨
ਡ - ᪠ ଠ Kronverk Ltd. (0812) e-mail: bravo@
...... . ⠢  ⥬ ⢫ ମ  ࠢ 
᪫  ࣥ, ⠫ ᪨  ⠢  .

Caldera Desktop 1.0

筠 業 ᪠ - 99 USD.

Linux Office

筠 業 ᪠ -

-᪨   ⥫⢠ SAMS Publishing

CD-ROM, ਮ⠥      Linux ᮤন 
ਡ⨢ 樮 ⥬    ⥫ ⨫.
 㦤 ,   ⮬ 砥 ਪ 業  ⠭
ࠧ  -  ࠧ    ⥬!

  ᬮ७  ᪠    Linux 1.2.8, ஥ ᫨
 ᠬ ᢥ,   类 砥 ࠡ⠥ 筮 .

CD-ROM   Linux Unleashed

CD-ROM   Building Linux Internet Server

-᪨ ⢥ ந⥫

祢,    Linux 뢭 .   ਧ ⮣
 -  ⢥ ᪮  ਡ⨢ ⥬ 
ࠬ ⮢.   㤥   ᫥  ⨯ "
 UNIX" ᪮ 筮  CD-ROM ᮤঠ ⥬ ᢠ 
  ⨫,  ࠭ 뫨  - 娢 
 ᪥ -  ⭮ ᠬ ।⠢, ᪮쪮 嫠 ᮡࠥ 
᪮쪮  ࠡ.   Linux 㪠 ᯥ樠 ᪨, 
᪠ ,  ᨨ.     ⮨  ஡.

"⮥ "

 ᫥ 業 짮⥫ Linux  訩 CD-ROM -ᥭ
1996 . ᪨ ⨢ "ࡠ" ( 198903, த, / 77,
e-mail: info@usoft.spb.su)  㦥 न ᯥ宬 - 
稫 ⫨. ᫨   ⠢ Linux-⥬, "⮥
"   뢠  ਡ⨢ 樮 ⥬ -
⫨筮 ᪮ ᯮ "窠", ᮪ ⢮ ᠬ
᪠  稥,   ᮢᥬ ⭮, 樨  ᪮
짮⥫. ⪠  - ⢨  ४ ᠬ ᪠ 
᪠ 墠⪠ ଠ樨  ᠬ Linux',  
ᤥ  蠣  ⥬. 祬   ᥩ ᯮ.

 ᪥ 室  ਡ⨢ Linux 1.2.13,   ᥣ譨
  ஬諥 ⠭⮬ ⥬ - RedHat 2.1  Slackware 3.0.
  롨  ਡ⨢,   ⭥ ࠡ.

 ⪮ ᮤঠ ᪠ "⮥ ":

Apps Various Applications for Linux

DOS-TeX TeX for DOS

Hurd GNU Hurd Operating System

Mach Mach Microkernel

PS PostScript Code

RedHat RedHat Linux Distrbution

Russian Russian Fonts, Texts, etc.

TeX TeX documention

WWW Mirror of various WWW sites

dists Directory for BSD installation

dosutils Various DOS programs for RedHat and Slackware Installation

floppies Directory for BSD installation

freebsd.doc BSD Documentation

linux.doc Generic Linux documentation

redhat.doc RedHat Linux documentation

slakinst For Slackware installation

slack.doc Slackware documentation

slakware Slackware distribution

source Linux sources (from Slackware distribution)

 ⮣
